? Tian? Ling? Cao qigong
Pick? Chinese teaching in middle schools pays little attention to the research results of literary criticism, and many people still teach prose with the view of "distracting form and spirit". "Scattering in form but not in spirit" is not a common feature of all prose, but only a feature of prose, which has been recognized by academic circles. There are many essays in junior middle school Chinese textbooks, which can be roughly divided into three categories: narrative prose, landscape prose and philosophical prose. Each kind of prose has different contents and forms, which cannot be summarized by "scattered form and scattered spirit". Contextual thinking of various essays has its own characteristics, so it should be analyzed concretely, not patterned.
Keywords: Prose teaching characteristics of rambling prose
? In junior middle school Chinese textbooks, except classical poetry, prose accounts for about 40% of all modern Chinese. It can be seen that prose occupies an extremely important position in junior high school Chinese textbooks. For a long time, Chinese teaching circles in middle schools have paid little attention to the research trends of literary critics, although as early as ten years ago, Mr. Wen Xinrong published an article "Prose Discrimination" in Chinese Teaching Newsletter [1], introducing the research results of literary critics on prose "scattered in form and scattered in spirit". However, until now, many Chinese teachers still talk about the characteristics of prose, which is "scattered in form but not in spirit". Students only know the characteristics of prose, which leads to the conceptualization and formulation of prose teaching.
The theory of "scattered form and scattered spirit" originally came from Xiao Yunru. 196 1 year, Xiao Yunru said in a short article: "Comrade Shi Tuo said that prose should not be scattered, but on the other hand, prose is expensive, which is more accurate. Also known as the shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered. " The so-called "informal form" means "prose is fluent and informal, especially elegant, natural and approachable". The so-called "inseparable" means "clear center and compact concentration". [2] This statement expressed a very popular literary thought at that time: the theme of a work must be focused and clear. It embodies the closed and single ideological atmosphere at that time and presents the simplification and rigidity of prose aesthetics. It sums up the prose creation in 1950s and 1960s, such as that of Yang Shuo, Qin Mu and Liu. Because it is convenient to generalize, it does represent a type of prose, which has been affirmed and respected by readers and literary circles. Since then, it has become a defining discourse to summarize the characteristics of prose, written into Chinese textbooks and theoretical works in colleges and universities, and has almost become the only magic weapon that prose writers consciously or unconsciously follow, the authority and representative proposition of prose writing, and the only angle to analyze and summarize the characteristics of prose in middle school Chinese teaching.
In fact, as early as 1985, Jia Pingwa published an article in "Literary and Art Newspaper" criticizing "scattered form and scattered spirit". Later literary critics questioned, argued and criticized this in many ways, and formed * * * knowledge. People believed in the generalization of prose features and finally withdrew from the literary world.
In 2005, Xiao Yunru also specifically stated that his original intention at that time was mainly aimed at the prose of "form and dispersion", reminding the author that "form and dispersion" is ok, but "spirit" cannot be "scattered". [3] With the development of the times and literature, literary critics have more extensive and in-depth knowledge and research on prose, and their knowledge and understanding of "God" in prose is more inclusive and open. The statement that "God" only means "clear center and compact concentration" obviously bears the brand of that era and is a simplified expression. "Form" is the external form and "God" is the internal essence. "God" is the "God" of prose, which not only refers to the theme and emotional context of prose, but also refers to the expression, implication, charm, interest and temperament throughout the whole article, and belongs to a higher aesthetic ideal. Simply put, the "shape" of prose can be material, form, conception and structure; "God" can be a theme, emotion, implication, charm, charm and so on. In this case, "shape" and "god" are not so simple.
At this point, it should have been clear that the problem of prose "scattered in form and scattered in spirit" has already been formed by literary critics, and even Xiao Yunru, who first put forward this concept, made a statement. This should be no problem. However, few middle school Chinese teachers pay attention to these research trends. Today, many people are still peddling the old concept of "scattered form and scattered spirit" or "gathered form and scattered spirit" in prose teaching. Or at the beginning of prose teaching, first tell students the characteristics of prose "scattered in form and scattered in spirit"; Or no matter what kind of prose, take the framework of "scattered form and scattered spirit" to harden it; Or take "scattered form and scattered spirit" as the main criterion to judge students' composition ... which leads to the backward concept and rigid form of prose reading and writing teaching.
Prose is rich in content and diverse in forms. The individualization and diversification of prose writing, as well as the multidirectional and diversified theme of prose, all show that a simple "scattered form can not summarize the richness of prose content and theme, nor can it summarize the colorful ideas and forms of prose." "Scattering in form and spirit" is only a generalization of the contextual characteristics of a certain type of prose, not the * * * characteristics of all prose. Among the rich and varied essays, there are some that "the form does not distract the spirit" and some that "the form does not distract the spirit"; Some are scattered in form and spirit, while others are scattered in form and spirit. The richness and diversity of prose creation determine the flexibility of our prose teaching. We can no longer use a "scattered form and scattered spirit" model to cover all prose, but we should appreciate its content, emotion, context structure, language characteristics, expression methods and so on according to the personality characteristics of different prose. Only in this way can our prose teaching be practical, keep pace with the times, and teach students to really read and appreciate prose, and then write prose.
Look at the unified junior high school Chinese textbook, there are more than 40 compositions. Judging from the content and expression, essays can be roughly divided into three categories: narrative essays, landscape essays and philosophical essays, and the specific texts of each category are rich and colorful. [④]
First, remember people's narrative prose.
This kind of prose is mainly about writing people or narrating. It is good at expressing the physical and mental outlook of characters and revealing the aesthetic significance of events through artistic description of some characters' deeds, some life fragments, life scenes and details. In other words, this kind of narrative prose always regards the narration of people as an artistic means, with the purpose of expressing the author's concrete and profound subjective feelings about this person or thing and even the whole life. This kind of prose is the largest in junior middle school Chinese textbooks, with different styles and contextual characteristics.
? Zhu De's Memories of My Mother selects eight things that best represent the essential characteristics of ordinary working women, recounts the ordinary trivial matters of her mother, involves some social phenomena in history, praises her virtues of diligence, thrift, generosity and tenacity, and shows the author's deep yearning and love for her mother. In addition, it also shows the great combination of the author's love for his mother, the party, the people and the nation. Zhang Zhongxing's "Two or Three Events of Mr. Ye Shengtao" recalls several small things about his communication with Mr. Ye Shengtao, which shows Ye Shengtao's integrity and demeanor of being strict with himself and lenient with others, and also shows the author's admiration. Xiao Hong's Memories of Mr. Lu Xun recalls some trivial things in his daily life, and combines them in multiple fragments to express Lu Xun's great feelings and the author's nostalgia for Lu Xun.
? This kind of evocative prose has more materials, but the main idea is relatively concentrated, which can be said to be "scattered in form and scattered in spirit", but what about other prose?
? Zhu Ziqing's "The Back" is also a reminiscence prose, which grasps the characteristics of the characters' backs, organizes materials, and expresses the deep affection between father and son in narrative, expressing not only the deep love for father, but also the memory and nostalgia for father. Others think that there are several places in the article that are similar to confession and guilt. Although there are not many sentences, we can still see the author's remorse and guilt. Others think that although it seems that the author only describes his family, it is actually a true portrayal of people's lives at that time, and people are unable to change reality, and then turn into sadness for their misfortunes; Some people even think that Back is lamenting the fragility, transience and illusion of life. Lu Xun's "From Baicao Garden to San Tan Yin Yue" not only describes the game and play of Baicao Garden, but also describes the reading life of San Tan Yin Yue, with rich materials and contents. It shows the growth process of a child, which can be said to be a criticism of the feudal education system, and it can also be said to show the child's love for nature and naive joy. It can also be said that the contrast between the two shows children's love for nature and criticizes the fetters of feudal education on children's physical and mental development ... Jiang Yang's Lao Wang describes the life fragments of the author's family's interaction with Lao Wang, which not only shows the beauty of human nature shining on Lao Wang, but also shows the author's concern for him. Shi Tiesheng's "Missing in Autumn" not only shows the hardship and greatness of maternal love, but also deeply misses his mother and feels guilty, and has a deeper understanding of "living well" and the meaning of life.
This kind of narrative prose is rich in material and diverse in connotation, which can be said to be "scattered in form", but the article also shows the diversity of theme and emotion. Can it be simply summarized as "lingering in spirit"? Obviously not.
Mo Huaiqi's Walking is very concentrated. As for the most common little thing of "walking" in family life, the content is not "sidelined". How can it be regarded as "scattered"? However, there are different interpretations of its "god": we can say that the article shows a beautiful atmosphere of mutual respect and love among family members; It can also be said to express the feeling of life cycle or continuation; It can also be said that it shows people's choice of life and unique sense of responsibility in middle age.
Second, write landscape prose.
? Writing landscape prose is to express the author's passion for life by describing the landscape, including feelings about the landscape, feelings about things, feelings about the landscape and expression of will. In other words, he is good at expressing the author's subjective feelings and passion for life through extreme descriptions of scenery or things. This kind of prose, or writing landscapes, or writing objects; Or scene blending, or ambition expression ... contextual thinking also presents different characteristics.
Zhu Ziqing's "Spring" wrote pictures of spring grass, spring flowers, spring breeze, spring rain and welcoming spring, showing the characteristics of spring full of beauty and strong vitality. The article does not write about "spring" in a certain place, but regards "spring" as a season, thus praising spring, showing love for spring, and also showing feelings and admiration for the endless vitality of nature and everything. Liu Zhanqiu's Four Seasons Rain does not describe the rain in a specific place, nor does it describe the rain in a specific season, but describes the different images and characteristics of the rain in four different seasons, expressing his praise and love for the rain in four seasons, and also showing the author's good feelings of loving nature and life.
This lyric prose about scenery can be said to be "scattered in form and scattered in spirit". In fact, its "God" is not so "compact and concentrated".
? Zong Pu's Wisteria Waterfall is a lyric prose, which expresses his ambition by praising the wisteria in front of him and recalling the wisteria in the past. Through comparison, it shows the influence of the times and social changes, arouses the understanding of life, realizes the beauty and eternity of life, and thinks about how to treat the ups and downs in life correctly. Jia Pingwa's "A Little Peach Tree" is also a lyric prose. He saw the little peach tree swaying in the wind and rain, recalled the growth process of the little peach tree and his own life experience, praised the tenacious spirit of fighting against fate, and expressed his ideals and feelings: in the face of the hardships and hardships of life, he should struggle tenaciously and pursue tirelessly. Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar is a lyric essay. It is not based on a place or an instant, but through the multi-angle and multi-directional description, reverence and praise of poplar, which symbolizes the revolutionary spirit and struggle will of the anti-Japanese military and civilians and the whole Chinese nation under the leadership of the China * * * production party.
In this lyric prose, the "will", that is, "spirit", is often rich and varied.
Duanmu Hongliang's Oath of the Land is a lyric prose, in which distinctive and peculiar scenery is chosen to form one picture after another, which shows the richness and beauty of Northeast China. The article expresses the author's ardent love, deep nostalgia and nostalgia for the homeland of Yuanye in Kanto, which was occupied for ten years, as well as his determination to sacrifice everything for it and strong patriotic feelings. Liu Chengzhang's "Ansai Waist Drum" is also a lyric prose, which is about a person's waist drum in northern Shaanxi, and it is comparable to the south of the water town. As for its theme, it is said to praise the surging power in life, the beauty of masculinity and the way people should live and behave in this way.
? In this kind of lyric prose, the feelings they express are often rich and varied, and it is difficult to define them by "lingering".
Hukou Waterfall in Liang Heng, Dandong, a giant at the source of the Yangtze River in Ma Lihua, Mont Blanc by Mark Twain and other travel notes are basically written around the scenery visited, and there are few other contents except "travel". How to use "shape dispersion" to summarize?
Third, discuss philosophical prose.
? The discussion of philosophical prose mainly focuses on making things clear. However, it does not pay attention to logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation, but uses literary images to express arguments. The combination of reasoning and image, discussion and lyricism is vivid and artistic, and some of them contain strong irony. The analysis of this kind of prose focuses on the use of literary images to reason, and its context and ideas are often logical and structured.
Bi Shumin's "Three Cabins of Spirit" is a philosophical essay, which first leads to the topic-how to decorate our spiritual space, that is, to build a "spiritual cabin"; Then, analyze people's spiritual world one by one and establish "three huts"; Finally, it points out the conditions for building three spiritual huts into beautiful and solid buildings, and hopes to expand the huts into spiritual buildings on this basis. The same is true of Russell's Why I Live. The author first answers the questions raised as the title of the article, then discusses three reasons or goals of his life, and then uses the words "pure" and "strong" to describe these three feelings. These two compositions are basically "total-sub-total" structure.
Yan Wenjing's "Eternal Life", the author said that the past time is gone forever, and that individual life is easy to die, and human resources can't make up for it, which makes people helpless; Then write that the life of human race is magical, great and full of vitality, "showing its happiness and strength everywhere", paving the way at all levels and creating momentum at all levels, naturally expressing praise for life. Express the praise of life to the extreme and highlight the main idea of the article. Clear-cut, layer by layer. Li Keran's "Artistic Conception of Landscape Painting" first points out the concept of "artistic conception" and then answers it; On the method of obtaining artistic conception.
In philosophical prose, they focus on expressing ideas and expounding philosophy in literary language, and cannot be measured and evaluated by the concept of "scattered form and scattered spirit"
In a word, prose creation and literary criticism are developing in depth. Prose is becoming more and more diverse in both content and form, and readers' interpretation of prose texts is becoming more and more diverse. Therefore, it is impossible to sum up all the characteristics of prose with a "distraction" in any case. In Chinese teaching in middle schools, we should actively absorb the research results recognized by literary critics, guide students to read and feel according to the different characteristics of specific prose, and summarize its unique characteristics, so that Chinese teaching can be less modular concepts that constrain students' imagination and perception, and more concrete and flexible diversified analysis that can stimulate students' thinking consciousness.
References:
[1] Wen Xinrong. Discrimination of "prose forms are scattered but not scattered" [J]. 2008 Chinese Teaching Newsletter. (4B)。
[2] Xiao Yunru. Absence of mind will not disperse [N]. People's Daily, 196 1.5. 12.
[3] Xiao Yunru. At that time, now and in the future [J]. Americans, 2005(06).
[4] Cao et al. What does reading teaching teach [M]. Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 20 18:38.
? (Published in China Teaching Newsletter B (20 1 1))