after Cao Duan, Xue _ initiated the "Study of Hedong" in the north. His disciples are all over Shanxi, Henan and Guanlong, with a large number. His learning spread to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, forming a "Guan Middle School" dominated by land, and its trend was "number and Yangming divide their feelings". Qing people regarded Xue Xue as a descendant of Zhu Xue, calling him "the crown of Neo-Confucianism in the early Ming Dynasty" and "the foundation of Ming Dow studies". It is believed that there are two schools in Ming Dynasty: Yangming School in the south and Xuanzhu School in the north. It can be seen that its influence is great. His works cover 46 volumes from 755 to 79. Xue _ was the first Tessa who was allowed to sacrifice in the Confucius Temple in the Ming Dynasty. His works were included in the recitation textbook of imperial academy, the highest institution of higher learning in China at that time, and the world honored him as "Master Xue". In learning, he is a master of his own. Being an official, being honest and strict with yourself is a rare model. Xue Xuan was born in an educated family. From the third year of Xuande to the first year of Tianshun, he was an official for 24 years, most of whom were in charge of law and discipline, such as supervising the imperial history, the young secretary of Dali Temple and the young secretary of Dali Temple. In the meantime, he was strict with himself, diligent and honest, upright and upright, and enforced the law like a mountain. He is regarded as a "smart, handsome and honest" honest official. After his death, he was named the history of the Ministry of Rites, and became Wen Qing in posthumous title, known as Wen Qing Gong.
a generation of honest history
Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty planned to rectify the discipline after three years of Xuande. On the recommendation of Yang Shiqi, a cabinet official, Xue _ was appointed as the secretary of Guangdong Daoci and the supervisor of Huguang Bank. Huguang Silver Field, namely Yuanzhou Silver Field, governs more than 2 silver mines in more than 1 counties in western Hunan and has more than 5, migrant workers. Over the years, the management here is chaotic and corruption is rampant, which needs to be rectified urgently. When Xue _ first took office, he knew that he was shouldering a great responsibility, so he used the Tang poem "There are many treasures in this town, so don't be tired of poverty" to warn himself. He was stationed in Yuanzhou, Chenxi, Luxi and other places in turn. Those who patrol back and forth, make unannounced visits and undertake important cases, especially those who are reported for corruption and bribery, will all be removed from their posts and severely punished according to law. Therefore, counties and silver yards are in good order and the people praise them. He has been in office for three years and has never been home. When he left office, he was clean-handed, as he said in his poem: "Mo Yan's white brush went south for a long time and gained nothing." In the sixth year of Zheng Tong, Xue _ became a junior secretary of Dali Temple and participated in the trial of prison cases. At this time, Wang Zhen, the eunuch in charge of state affairs, quickly sent someone to give gifts to Xue _ and invited them to meet, but they were all declined by Xue _ as an excuse. Yang Shiqi, a courtier, was afraid of being accused by Wang Zhen when he saw Xue _. He repeatedly advised him to go to Wang Fu to thank him. But he replied seriously, "What reason do you have to accept the title of the imperial court and thank the private room?" I don't care! " Not only that, the ministers also went to the East Pavilion to discuss this matter, but all the officials and ministers bowed when they saw Wang Zhen, only Xue _ bowed. From then on, Wang Zhen held a grudge against him even more.
after Xue Xuan came to power, he devoted himself to rehabilitating unjust cases. In just over four months, he completed more than 1 unjust prison cases in Jinyiwei. As it happens, in the process of Xue _ handling a case, there is such a thing: the first wife of an officer who died in the Royal Guards for two years, beautiful and romantic, had an affair with Wang Zhen's nephew, Susan Wang, the acting captain of the Royal Guards. They wanted to get married at once, but the officer's first wife, Ho, stopped them on the grounds that the three-year mourning period had not expired. As a result, neither of them was satisfied. Wang Shan instigated the official little wife to tell him that she suffocated her husband with witchcraft. Therefore, Jin Yiwei detained He's case and was sentenced to death by the court. Xue _ found that there was injustice in it, and repeatedly asked the supervision suggestion and review request of the case to be rehabilitated. However, these people were forgiven, because they were afraid of offending Wang Zhen, so they had to be handed over to the punishments. After the punishments found out that it was indeed a wrong case, Xue angrily impeached the examiners for dereliction of duty and perverting the law. This caused strong dissatisfaction with Ma Shun's suggestion and Wang Wen and the Royal Guards' Duchayuan. They immediately slandered Wang Zhenda, and Wang Zhen was furious after hearing this. He impeached Xue _ on the grounds of dissatisfaction with the court, sentenced Xue _ to death and put him in the prison of Royal Guards. After Xue Xuan went to prison, many people went to visit him, but he was still holding the Book of Reading in his hand and absorbed in reading. Li Xi, the general political officer, said admiringly, "A real man!" At the afternoon meeting, Wang Wen was the chief judge and raised questions. Xue _ immediately reprimanded: "As a suggestion, you should avoid it. You can ask me! " Wang Wen was speechless and answered correctly. Xue Xuan was wronged and shook the ruling and opposition, even the old servant of Wang Zhen shed tears. Seeing anger, Wang Zhen had to give in. After Xue _ was rescued by Wang Wei, a senior minister of the Ministry of War, he was spared the death penalty, reduced to an official and returned to his hometown. It took seven years, that is, fourteen years of orthodoxy, for this unjust case to be rehabilitated.
Xue _ is an official who is honest, honest, diligent and loves the people. He sincerely pointed out: "Love is the foundation of politics." "Although officials are fools' husbands and wives, we should respect them and not neglect them." "People who love the people but don't love them, don't love them." He profoundly expounded the love of the people and the support of the army; The importance of making people rich. He said: "money comes from the people, but if it is widely spent, money is not enough;" If wealth is insufficient, people will be poor. The poor are exhausted and the exhausted people are shaken. " It is under the control of this thought of loving the people that Xue _ pleaded for and avenged the people in his official career, and his touching deeds were widely circulated.
in the first year of Jingtai, Xue _, who was reinstated soon, was ordered to go to Sichuan to help Li Kuangping, the secretariat of Yidu, fight against the Miao and Yi uprisings in western Sichuan. During this period, he personally visited the local people's feelings and found that local corrupt officials cut down trees indiscriminately, which made people's lives difficult and it was difficult to file grievances. The uprising was mainly caused by this. So, after the uprising subsided, he immediately wrote to the court, "Although Fan Chuan is far away from home, it is not appropriate to pay tribute when he is in bondage." He cited facts to show that the Miao and Yi minority areas have exhausted their manpower and financial resources. Only by reducing the tribute can there be no misfortune. However, the court was noncommittal about this proposal. In a rage, he asked the court to resign and go home.
in the fourth year of Jingtai, there was a famine all over the country. People in Suzhou and Songjiang borrow food from rich households. But the rich take advantage of people's danger, raise food prices, hoard, and refuse to borrow or pay back. For this reason, people's resentment was aroused, and there was an incident in which people began to rob the rich and help the poor and burn houses. The court sent Taibao Wang Wen to investigate and handle
During the Yongle period, under the guidance of famous scholars, Wei and Wang at the end of Yuan Dynasty, the young Xue devoted himself to studying Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, and he was quite accomplished. After becoming a politician, he studied hard. Whenever he is free, he personally copies the book "Famous Words in Politics", reads it carefully and often stays up late. Especially in the winter night, despite the cold weather, he still studies hard by lighting candles. When he was studying, if he had any experience, he immediately recorded it. Later, when he remembered more, he integrated the two 23-volume books, The Complete Book of Sexual Principles and Reading Records, which later became an important work of Xue _ in studying Neo-Confucianism.
Xue _ admired Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, which was the same as Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, but it was not a simple continuation of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, but a further improvement and development of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism. What is commendable is that, under the guidance of the thought of "endless arguments, endless views of saints", he abandoned the old and sought for the new, and put forward many viewpoints with materialistic ideological tendency, which played an advocacy and guiding role in the new materialistic trend of thought in the middle of Ming Dynasty. First of all, he criticized and reformed Zhu's idealistic concept of regulating qi, that is, "regulating qi first" and "regulating qi is definitely two different things", and clearly put forward a new viewpoint of "regulating qi based on qi". He repeatedly stressed: "the reason is only in anger, and it must not be smooth." "Reason and Qi coexist and are inseparable; Without gas, there is no place to stop. " At the same time, it is wrong to point out clearly that "regulating qi is definitely two things". He said: "There is no harm in regulating qi." "There is no gap in gas. If it is split in two, it is not embarrassing." He insists that Qi is the most primitive material noumenon that constitutes all things in the universe. He said, "There is only qi between heaven and earth." "Everything in the world is made of gas." All the above statements are correct and should be fully affirmed.
Xue _ has always advocated practical learning and a pragmatic style of study. He not only clearly put forward the concept of "practical learning", but also endowed it with rich connotations. He said, "People should always remember the word' reality', always look at what they say and do, so that everything they think is true and there is a place to be virtuous." He also said: "Don't talk too much for study, but also care about your career!" " While emphasizing the importance of action, he also affirmed the guiding role of knowledge in action. For example, he said, "If you know the reason and do it, you will do it in the daytime, and there will be no mistakes; If you don't know what to do, if you walk in the dark night, you can't see anything. Although there are people who are suitable for the road occasionally, there will be some differences. " Because Xue _ strongly advocated "practical learning" and practiced it all his life, his theory was called "persisting in practical learning" by people at that time, and he himself was also called "Confucianism of practical learning".
the theory of renaturation plays an important role in Xue _' s neo-Confucianism. Xue _' s theory of renaturation is still idealistic in essence. Although Zhu Cheng actively maintains the concept of orthodoxy, there are also materialistic views. As far as the origin of "sex" is concerned, Zhu believes that "sex" is innate and comes from nature; Xue _ believes that "sex" or "reason" is mainly formed in the day after tomorrow. On the specific explanation of "renaturation", Zhu pointed out that "renaturation" is to restore people's natural and good nature; Xuexuan is not like this. He said that "renaturation" means seeing, listening, speaking and moving according to reason. It is not difficult to see that Xue _' s theory of renaturation is to a great extent a revision and perfection of Zhu's theory of renaturation.
Educate everyone
Xue _' s theory had a great influence on that time and later generations. He trained a large number of scholars and founded Hedong School, which is famous for its history, according to his own ideological system by calling his disciples to give lectures for a long time. After more than a century, Hedong School continued to grow and develop, and Xue _ had disciples all over Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and < P > Xue _ was also a prestigious educator. When he went to Beijing to serve as a scholar, he wrote to the imperial court and proposed that "he would like to teach with a pawn", but it was not approved at that time. In the first year of orthodoxy, Guo Jin, a senior official of the official department, actively recommended Xue _, stating his resume, knowledge and achievements, because the court intended to select competent officials and revive school education. Soon, the court promoted Xue _ to be the prefect of Shandong Inspection Department and studied politics, which finally made him get his wish. To this end, he happily told others, "This is my business."
after taking office, Xue Xuan emphasized the strict management of the school. He asked the school to follow Zhu's "White Deer Cave Regulations" and also stipulated that students who dropped out of school without reason should be compensated for the food they got during their school days. Pay attention to changing the style of study. Everywhere he went, he asked the students if they could apply what they had learned, and earnestly warned them that they must "respect others, be kind to others and seek truth in practice". Third, actively advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. He put forward that "teaching people should be based on their talents". Every student can learn to walk, learn calligraphy and painting, or learn to recite and write poems and fu. Moreover, they can only learn from each other's strong points and can't demand perfection. There is a life member somewhere who often drops out of school because of his poor family. He failed in several rural exams and asked to drop out of school. Xue Xuan asked his teacher: What did the student do in the spring and autumn? Answer clearly. He immediately pointed out: Qing is the most difficult instrument among the eight tones, so this lifelong member is useful material and should not be allowed to drop out of school. Later, the student was admitted to Jinshi. Xue Xuan has worked in Shandong for five and a half years and achieved remarkable results. Smart and stupid, old and young, are very grateful and admire him. In the autumn of Zheng Tong's sixth year, he was transferred to Beijing, and the students were reluctant to part, crying and seeing him off. The scene is touching.
Xuexuan Family Temple in Wanpingyuan Village
Xue _ is not only diligent in supervising educational affairs, but also willing to teach and educate people. He went back to his hometown to give lectures twice in his life, once he was framed by Wang Zhen as a civilian, and once he returned to his hometown in 14 years. Especially for the second time, he learned and gave lectures in the residence of Nanjie Street in Hejin County, which attracted so many scholars from all directions that the building could not hold it. He taught people "renaturation", and his theory was profound and thorough, which benefited everyone a lot.
Xue _ is also a literate writer and poet. His literary works include more than 26 essays and essays, and 157 poems, which have made great achievements. As for poetry writing, he once said: "All poetry works are based on true feelings, and the so-called words of the past are also heartfelt. So all poems are based on true feelings. " In other words, any works that come from the heart and have true feelings can be regarded as good works. In terms of writing methods, he advocates clear organization, rhetoric and concise articles; He also stressed that only with profound cultivation and noble moral sentiments can a good article be written. These opinions are undoubtedly correct and brilliant.
Xue _' s essays can be roughly divided into travel notes, random feelings, gifts to friends and fables. In writing, most of them are rigorous in structure, fluent, fresh in style and profound in meaning. For example, Reading Record, with its concise narration, vivid scenery and immersive feeling, is called the masterpiece of prose in the Ming Dynasty and was selected as a middle school textbook in the 196s. "The Book of Youlong" and "The Book of Rethinking Pavilion" are all touching and deeply touched. While exposing corruption, bribery and corruption laws and regulations, they did not forget to exhort the world and encourage themselves to be diligent and honest, be cautious in their words and deeds, and be well-founded and convincing.
Xue _ loves to write poems. Many poems will appear when traveling, boarding, living, reminiscing about the past, reading, meeting friends, seeing off, etc.
in the spring of the first year of Tianshun, Xue _, who was 69 years old, was highly valued by the imperial court. He served as assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and a university student of the Hanlin Academy, and joined the cabinet to participate in maintenance. At first, he was full of ambition to serve the imperial court. Every time he is summoned by the court, he can call a spade a spade and offer suggestions. He expounded his views many times by calling himself king, attaching importance to talents and using collective strategies. However, he soon discovered that Emperor Yingzong was mediocre and incompetent. He was at a loss about the chaos of his officials, ignored correct opinions, killed Yu Qian, a loyal minister, and asked him to buy lions and playthings from the south. Since then, he has no confidence in the revitalization of state affairs and thinks it is better to "see a few things and do a few things" and return to his motherland. Then, on the grounds of old illness, he went to Zhang successively. After getting permission, they left the capital on the fourth day and set foot on their way home. Then he said happily, "My Tao will make me equal!" "
In the days after Xue _ returned to China, he gathered people to give lectures, while deeply studying the theory of the renaturation of good and evil, and carried out more strict self-cultivation to make it reach a higher level. Seven years later, on June 15th, the eighth year of Tianshun, he suddenly felt unwell, so he sorted out the manuscript and then wrote a poem at his desk: "The lamb chops in the heatable adobe sleeping platform were screened by paper, and the sun shone on the east window, and nothing happened for 76 years. This mind is only aware of the sky. " Tong died at the age of seventy-six, and he had not finished writing.
after Xue _ died, the imperial court sent officials to hold a grand funeral for him. The following spring, he was awarded "Fu in the Boat". According to Xue _' s achievements before his death, he was named as a good doctor, an official of the Ministry of Rites, and posthumous title Wenqing. In September of the fifth year of Qin Long, 17 years after Xue _ died, the imperial court issued a decree allowing him to worship the Confucius Temple. He eventually became a famous Confucian with his profound knowledge and lofty moral integrity. For this reason, everyone in the world called him Xue Fuzi.
Xue _ was an official of the imperial court in the orthodox Ming Dynasty and Jingtai period. He has served as secretary of Dali Temple, assistant minister of rites and university student of Hanlin Academy. A high-ranking official loyal to the monarch, under the control of sober people-oriented thought, clearly put forward the viewpoint of "taking love as the political foundation", and further summarized "nurturing people's livelihood, restoring folk customs and prohibiting people from joining societies" as the "three essentials" for governing the world. He sincerely cares about the broad masses of people.