There were many schools of ancient Greece, and a hundred schools of thought contended in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all of which promoted academic prosperity. However, the monopoly of Christian theology in the Middle Ages in Europe and China's "exclusive respect for Confucianism" after the Qin and Han Dynasties seriously hindered academic development and scientific progress, which showed that pluralism of truth and pluralism of guiding ideology played a positive role.