Finally, in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D., the area was invaded many times by the Goths, alemanni and Markomani. Although Norikum, Retia and Dasia provided a buffer zone between Rome and the Germanic tribes in the north, they succumbed to the invaders they should have resisted in time.
Norikum province
Noricom is located in the eastern Alps between Raetia and Pannonia. Its ideal location in the south of the Danube and its rich iron and gold deposits make it a valuable asset in the treasury of the Roman Empire. The discovery of gold in the 2nd century BC attracted Roman settlers to this area, but they were soon expelled by the local Taoris. However, Roman merchants continued to conduct business through small trade settlement points. The region has always been regarded as an ally, and was finally conquered during the reign of Roman emperor Augustus in 16 BC (from 27 BC to AD 14). However, unlike other provinces, it didn't have its own Italian Law II (A.D. 16 1- 180) until the reign of Malcus Aurelius. The province was later divided into two parts by Diocletian (AD 284-305)-Norrie Kumri Puss and Norikum Mediterranean. It was invaded by northern Germanic tribes and abandoned in the 5th century.
Italian second legion
The main duty of this regiment is to defend the route from Pannonia to Aquilia from the threat of German invaders.
Legio II Italica (logo: wolf; Birth symbol: Capricorn) was put forward by Marcus Aurelius of Italy in the battle with Marcomanni of Kyle in 164- 165, and thus obtained the name of Italia. There is some confusion about its first base. Although some historians think it is Lo of Dalmatia? Ica (Lotschitz), but some people claim that it is Aquilea in northeast Italy. In any case, the main function of the regiment is to defend the route from Pannonia to Aquila from the threat of German invaders. It is believed that both legions served in the war between Knox, Roland (ruled in A.D. 193) and Manny, Kyle. Legio II Italica was stationed in albin (now Austria) for a short time, and finally found a permanent base in the hometown of Governor Norikum (now Enes, Austria).
The Legion supported Septimius Severus's (A.D. 193-2 1 1) claim to the Roman throne and his war with hypocrites Persenus Niger and Clodius Albinus. Although the source is uncertain, Italy II may have served with the emperor Maximinus Thrace (reigned 235-238) in the Dacia War of 235-236. The regiment later supported Gallienus (reigned in 253-268 AD) against Postu Moose, an impostor who claimed to be Emperor Gaul, and won the title of Pia V Fidelis ("Five Duties"). There is some evidence that a unit of this regiment fought against Constantine I (reigned in 306-337 AD), and Joan was in Milvi in 3 12 AD. According to the historian Stephen Dando-Collins, during the reorganization of the Roman army, the legion became a part of comitatenses, under the command of the dukes Pannonia and Noricum Ripensis. Like its provinces, it will eventually succumb to the Gothic invaders.
Retia Province
In 15 BC, the Roman commander and future emperor Tiberius (reigned in 14-37) incorporated Retia Province into the Roman Empire. Like its neighbor Norikum, it did not have its own permanent legion, Italian Legion III, until Marcus Aurelius ruled it. In 233 AD, the province was invaded and ravaged by aleman, who came from southwest Germany. Later, in the third century when they stayed in crisis, Franks and aleman invaded Rome Gaul, Lydia and northern Italy in 259 AD. The result was the formation of the Gaul Empire under the leadership of Postu Sims.
Italian third legion
Legio III Italica (symbol: stork birth symbol: Capricorn) was raised by Italian Marcus Aurelius to fight against Kyle Manny. Its first base is unknown, probably Aquilia, but during the battle of Marcus Aurelius, it was part of the mobile reserve under the command of Shen Yulun Aventis. The regiment was temporarily stationed in Aining, Norikum around AD 172, and moved to Castellarijana (modern regensburg) in Lydia in AD 179, where it remained until the 5th century. Like its sister corps, it fought alongside Publius Helvius Pertinax in the Makmani War. After Publius Helvius Pertinax's death, the Legion supported Septimius Severus to succeed to the throne. Later, the Legion was with caracalla (reigned in A.D. 198-2 17) in his Battle of Parthia. There is some evidence that Italian III and Gordian III (AD 238-244) fought against the Sassanian dynasty in AD 244. Like Italy II, it was later simplified to comitatenses.
Dasia province
Until 85 AD, the territory of Dacia never posed a serious threat to its neighbors. The situation changed when de Caballes ascended the throne. That year, he and his army crossed the Danube for no reason and entered the province of Mercia in Rome. The Bianconeri of the Dacia War finally incorporated the region into the Roman Empire in A.D. 106, and Dacia Gold paid the Trajan Forum. Two legions are permanently stationed in Dacia: Legio V Macedonica and Legio XIII Gemina. The border of Dacia could not resist the German invaders, so Emperor Aureliano (reigned in 270-275 AD) resettled Roman citizens and redrawn the border. He acquired land from Moesia and Noricum and established Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranean.
Fifth Macedonian Army Corps
LEGIO V MACEDONICA is stationed in TROESMIS, guarding the northwest coast of the Black Sea and the Greek city of Crimea.
Legio V Macedonica (logo: bull; The source of the birthmark is unknown. It is reported that it served with Octavian in the Battle of Mutina in 43 BC. From 30 BC to 6 AD, it was located in Macedonia, hence the name Macedonia. In AD 6, it was moved to Oskus in Mosia (now Bulgaria). It may have participated in the annexation of Thrace by Emperor Claudius (who ruled in 4 1-54). In 62 AD, the Legion was transferred to the army of Kassegn Uz Patus in Capadocia to cope with his war in Armenia, but it stayed in Bendu, while the overconfident Patus only took two legions. After that, V. Macedonica will follow Domitius Corbulo in his successful Armenian campaign. Historian Tacitus wrote in his chronicle:
..... Therefore, the Legion is divided into the Fourth Legion and the Twelfth Legion (the Fourth Legion and the Twelfth Legion). The Fifth Army Corps was recently established in Mercia, with auxiliary troops from Bentu, Galatia and Capadocia under the command of Paites ... )
During the Jewish Uprising in 66 AD and the First Jewish War after the siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD, V. Macedonia will act together with the son Titus (reigned from 79 to 8 1 year) of Wei Pa Mi. Back in Mercia, the regiment fought alongside Titus Flavius Domitianus and Trajan in the Dacia War. The future emperor Hadrian (reigned at 1 17- 138) served as an officer in Macedonian V and Adi Utry II. Later, the regiment stationed a Trojans in Lower Mercia (now Romania) to guard the northwest coast of the Black Sea and the Greek cities in Crimea.
In A.D. 135, the regiment helped suppress the Palestinian Baer-Kokhba uprising and besieged Bertard. After Lucius Verus (in office 16 1- 169) fought Pattaya, the regiment participated in the war between Marcus Aurelius and Manny, Kyle. Later, Macedonian V was stationed in Pote, Dacia. It supported Septimius Severus, who was accompanied by a legion brigade when he entered Rome. In 274 AD, Dacia was surrounded by barbarian invaders, and the legion retreated to Elkus.
Thirteenth legion
Legio XIII Gemina (badge: lion; Birth symbol: Capricorn) was founded by Julius Caesar (BC 100- BC 44) in 57 BC when he was fighting the Bergais, and he followed him in the rest of the Gaul War and crossed the Rubicon River with him in 49 BC. Tom Holland wrote in the preface of his book "Rubicon River", 13 Legion:
The soldiers of the thirteenth legion lined up neatly and stood in a row in the dark. ...... Over the past eight years, they have fought bloody battles with Governor Gaul on one battlefield after another, through heavy snow and heat, and all the way to the edge of the world. ( 13)
The regiment was dissolved, but it was rebuilt by Octavian in 4 1 BC, and together with him, it fought against Essex and Pompeii in Sicily. It is still unknown whether Gemini 13 was with the future emperor in the Battle of Akron in 3 1 BC. However, it later merged with the notorious legion in 30 BC and got the name Gemina. This was the case in the Battle of Drusus from 20 BC to 15 BC. After serving with Tiberius in the Battle of Leitian in 15 BC, he was transferred to Ljubljana in Pannonia, where he was suppressed with Tiberius in 6 AD.
In AD 9, after the Teutonburg forest battle in which three legions were lost in Publius Quinctilius Varus of Publi, the13rd Legion was transferred to Moguntiacum (now Mainz, Germany) and then to Vindobona (now Vienna, Austria) to serve the German army. During the fourth emperor's reign in 69 AD, the legion supported Otto and fought alongside him in the first battle against Vitrius in Bedriakum. It was defeated by the legion V Arauda and was later accused of cowardice. Later, the regiment fought side by side with Wei Pa Mi's army in the second Battle of Bedriakum and cremona. After Vitrius's defeat, the legion was stationed in Vendobona again, and fought side by side with Rome in the Dacia War in Titus Flavius Domitianus, winning the Battle of Taba. The Legion fought side by side with Trajan and his Battle of Dacia, and followed Hadrian against the Salmatians. 132- 135 During the suppression of the second Jewish uprising, the 13th Gemina was briefly stationed in Appler (now Romania).
The regiment participated in the Great Romani War led by Malcus Aurelius, and fought against the Dachians led by Commodus (180- 192 in office). It supported Septimius Severus in A.D. 193 and joined him in opposing Pescennius Niger, the claimant. Since then, little has been known about this legion, except that it was in Dacia until the province was abandoned by the Romans.
refer to
Adrian Goldworth. Peace Rome. Yale university press, 20 16.
Dando Collins, Steven. Roman legion. Thomas Dunn Books, 20 12.
Grant Michael. Roman emperor. Barnes & noble bookstore, 1997.
Pollard, Nigel and Berry, Joanne. A complete Roman legion. Thames and Hudson rivers, 20 12.
Scar Chris. Chronology of Roman emperors. Thames and Hudson rivers, 1995.
Summer, Michael. The complete Roman emperor. Thames and Hudson rivers, 20 10.
Tacitus, cornelius. Complete works of Tacitus. Modern library.
Tom Holland. Rubicon Anchor, 2005.