-Tang Lizhongbi's "Lushan Mountain" Wang Ji said: Changqing officials have been visiting me for a long time. -"Historical Records and Biography of Sima Xiangru" is another example: Suihuai (wishful thinking); Seclusion (satisfying the desire for seclusion); At the beginning of the year, I resigned from my official position and realized my original wish to retire. Success: I have ~.
Nothing in the world is useless, everything is useless. -The Book of Rites and the Moon Order failed in four aspects.
-Han Sima Qian's "Letter to Ren An" is just right, so: awkward land, water. Last five lines, go, go.
-"Guangya Poetry" failed. -"Yi Dazhuang" is virtuous.
-"The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" is another example: advance (pass; Go smoothly).
2. The meaning and example of moving in classical Chinese is moving.
(mobile)
a surname
( 1) ㄑㄧㄢˉ
(2) Change of office and residence: ~. ~ move. ~ migration.
(3) change, change: change ~. ~ just (change your mind and make do with others). ~ delay (delay) ~ angry. Things just passed ~.
(4) relegation, exile: ~ (relegated to a distant place). ~ guests (officials who have moved or been relegated to other places).
(5) In ancient times, the official tune generally referred to promotion: promotion.
Moving right means promotion.
Korea's right respects the left, so the promotion is called moving right.
Wang Song Anshi's "Li Duan can enter the Pavilion East": "It is not especially good, so the position is accumulated over time, so it should be moved to the right."
Move to the left: reduce official transfer. Move left, move down, the Han dynasty valued the left and right, so it was called move left. Shi Chuanchang biography: "Move Left", Yan Shigu notes: "It's time to respect the right and despise the left, so it's called moving left." Song Dai Kun's "Rat Pu": "Han people respect the son of heaven. It is said that the rank is moved to the left, the official princes are left officials, and the high positions are right posts. " Later generations will use it.
3. Do the function words and parts of speech in classical Chinese in senior high school use their backs flexibly? Classical Chinese occupies half of the Chinese reading part of the college entrance examination, which is equally divided with modern Chinese reading. With the comprehensive promotion and deepening of the second phase of curriculum reform, the investigation of classical Chinese will gradually increase. Classical Chinese reading is more difficult than modern Chinese, and it is also the part where students lose the most points, which is easy for students to widen the gap. Many high school students are confused about reviewing classical Chinese. In this regard, I suggest you be familiar with the test sites. The exam notes clearly state that they can explain common classical Chinese words, identify common classical Chinese sentences and translate classical Chinese sentences in modern Chinese. You can recite a certain number of famous sentences in classical Chinese. "Explaining common classical Chinese words is the classical Chinese words that often appear in our texts. The so-called" explaining common classical Chinese words "mainly refers to real words. At present, there are three versions of H, S and new textbooks in Shanghai, but no matter which version, traditional classic titles are always required, and there are common classical Chinese content words in traditional classic titles. To achieve migration, the so-called interpretation of the content words in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination paper is nothing more than the common content words in classical texts. According to statistics, there are 120 common notional words in classical Chinese: love, security, quilt, times, this, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, cheng, sincerity, division, words, obedience, danger, death, morality, degree, negation, repetition and cover. If, good, less, involved, win, know, make, is, appropriate, book, which, genus, number, rate, say, private, vegetarian, soup, tears, acts, death, king, hope, evil, micro, informed, phase, thank you, letter, xing, line, auspicious. Flexible and diverse, it is difficult to distinguish and grasp. There are 18 function words commonly used in classical Chinese, which are: knowing, starting, second, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, leaf, Hu, Yan, harmony, behavior, if and so on. Identify common classical Chinese sentence patterns, including judgmental sentences and. The probability of being investigated is relatively high. Students can classify the sentences in the text according to the characteristics of various sentence patterns, so as to be familiar with the text (so-called dragnet review) and identify and master common classical Chinese sentences. Translating classical Chinese sentences in Chinese is actually to examine candidates' comprehensive ability to use classical Chinese, including both content words and function words. Not only the flexible use of parts of speech (nouns as verbs, verbs as nouns, adjectives as verbs, adjectives as nouns, causative usage, intentional usage, etc.). ), including the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, and the ability of candidates to use modern Chinese to organize language. Translation of classical Chinese sentences generally depends on the setting of scores and how many points to give. Generally, one point is 65438+. Then judge which key notional words must be explained and which special grammatical phenomena the sentence contains, which must be reflected through translation. Otherwise, you won't win much. Can recite famous sentences in classical Chinese, usually four out of five sentences, 4 points. Attention should be paid to both in and out of class. Pay attention to the three versions of cross-reciting items in class. The cross-recited topics of the three versions are: Shi Shuo, Drinking, Pipa Journey (the second paragraph), Dream of Mount Tianmu, Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi (the first paragraph) and Six Kingdoms. After class, there are mainly well-known famous sentences. We must pay attention to the phenomenon of multiple words, missing words and changing words.
4. How to prepare for senior high school classical Chinese can be started from the following aspects: First, closely follow the examination outline and study the characteristics of propositions.
Classical Chinese tests students' ability to read simple classical Chinese. The material is brief, with about 700 words. Usually, when selecting articles in classical Chinese training, we must stick to the word "Jane", and we should not deliberately choose some crooked and obscure articles. Even teachers have to consult a lot of materials or even fully understand them in order to arouse students' sense of crisis.
The author found that this situation is not uncommon in the review of senior three. Therefore, the difficulty of choosing proposition materials should be moderate, and some obscure words and allusions that affect students' answers and are inevitable should be properly annotated, otherwise students' interest will be inhibited and the work will be ineffective.
Secondly, most of the college entrance examination papers come from historical documents outside the teaching materials, generally biographies, which describe the ways of being an official, being a man, being a monarch and treating others. We should grasp the characteristics of historical biography and summarize its main points.
Second, consolidate knowledge and promote ability transfer in the classroom. The classical Chinese test questions in the college entrance examination are all based on extracurricular activities. Faced with the voluminous ancient books, it is difficult to guess the selected articles of the college entrance examination questions.
Looking at the examination questions over the years, it is not difficult to find that the knowledge points examined are generally directly or indirectly transferred from textbooks. "The source of the question is outside the classroom and the answer is inside the classroom." For example, in the fifth question of Jiangsu college entrance examination in 2009, three words came from the classroom and were wrongly set in the "rate" of item D "A very attractive person", which was misinterpreted as "leading" and "all". Genus (entrustment) has the same usage as Genus in The Story of Yueyang Tower, but it is similar to Que in The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, and the sentence translation is different from dog, wife, room and ba.
Textbooks are the wood of teaching, and of course they are also the wood of review. Middle school textbooks are all ancient model essays with beautiful literary quality and rich literary feelings, and they are also representative works at various stages of literary development.
If the knowledge of classical Chinese in textbooks is not firmly grasped, no amount of classical Chinese training will have great effect. Therefore, it is necessary to intensively read the classical Chinese in the text, and in the usual paragraph reading training, consciously link the test sites in the training questions with the knowledge in the learned text, and gradually form the ability to transfer knowledge to solve practical problems.
Third, strengthen reading training and cultivate a sense of classical Chinese. Many students think that reading the text is what they should do in the new class. Review time is tight and there are many exercises, so it is not cost-effective to spend time reading.
This is a very wrong understanding. After studying classical Chinese in class for a long time, students are gradually unfamiliar with it.
Even if I could recite some texts skillfully at that time, I only had a general impression before the college entrance examination. When reviewing, take some time to read it, so that the vague text content can be familiar again, so that the basic knowledge of classical Chinese in the text can be reproduced, and the knowledge points in each article can be integrated, summarized, classified and distinguished to form an overall impression.
This is much more efficient than memorizing them mechanically without specific language environment. As for the extra-curricular classical Chinese for special training in senior three, it is even more necessary to read, not only to read important word explanations and sentence translations, but also to read the whole article aloud again and again. "If you read the book a hundred times, the meaning will show itself."
In reading, we should not only understand the literal meaning, but also observe the emotional appeal of classical Chinese. Only by reading more can we finally turn a strange and cold written language into a language full of oral interest, and turn a silent language into a spoken language, so as to form a strong sense of language and improve our understanding and problem-solving ability.
Middle school students generally find classical Chinese boring. A very important reason is that they lack reading, can't enter the world of classical Chinese, can't understand the thought and art of classical Chinese, including the beauty of phonology, let alone appreciate and evaluate it. Fourth, train problem-solving skills and improve the ability to take exams.
It can be divided into the following steps: the first step: read the full text for the first time and grasp it as a whole. It means to concentrate on stabilizing your mind, browsing or jumping over.
Knowing when, who, what, cause and effect, and who said what, you can understand 60% to 70%. In the process of reading, you should circle the outline and make some marks. You might as well skip the sentences you don't understand first. Some difficult sentences do not affect solving problems, and some puzzles will be solved naturally after reading the article.
Step 2: Look at the topic carefully and study the words. This step needs to implement the corresponding positions of the words, words and sentences that need to be answered one by one in the material. The key point is to combine the knowledge learned and use the method flexibly to infer the meaning of the content words.
In fact, it is difficult to speak classical Chinese, mainly in vocabulary. Guide students to closely contact the context and infer the meaning of notional words through substitution, grammatical function inference, glyph analysis and usage in modern Chinese idioms.
Step 3: Read the full text again to deepen your understanding. This step is to understand the full text from a higher level, which can not only deepen the understanding of the meaning of the text, but also correct the mistakes in the first two steps. This is an in-depth review process.
In a word, the improvement of reading ability of classical Chinese in senior high school is a long-term process of accumulating vocabulary and getting familiar with grammar. Students should develop accumulated consciousness and habits, such as circling keywords and looking up dictionaries frequently. It is necessary to properly select some classic paragraphs to strengthen training, promote the transfer of knowledge, and "speak and write" simultaneously to truly achieve a breakthrough.
5. How to learn classical Chinese in senior high school? Remember the place where classical Chinese in high school should be memorized. This college entrance examination is always unexpected. Remember the conventional classical Chinese phenomena, such as function words, content words, ancient and modern different meanings, flexible words, polysemy and so on. Just by memory.
In order to make classical Chinese easy to do in the exam, we need to work hard after class. Only read more ancient books, such as the original versions of the four classic novels and historical records, but if you are not interested, you don't have to force yourself to read them. High school teachers will ask us to do problems and listen carefully when explaining them carefully. It's best to finish every extra-curricular classical Chinese exercise carefully, and understand the whole article thoroughly when you have time.
Our teacher told us that when doing classical Chinese questions in the exam, we should look at the questions first, and then read the articles according to the questions, which is helpful to solve the problems quickly. It is best to look at the multiple-choice questions about the overall content first.
It is difficult to understand the original works of A Dream of Red Mansions and Romance of the Three Kingdoms this summer vacation, but it is helpful to learn classical Chinese.
6. High school requires one to five, and the words "Qi and money" appear in the poems of Tang and Song Dynasties and the classical Chinese of the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties, as well as "Miracle" (the source of this word is very strange.
Original meaning: odd, strange) singular, even to odd, when it comes to decoupling. -Shuowen has an odd number.
-"White Tiger Child Marriage" surprise. -"Yili Township Shooting Ceremony" has one arm and three eyes to blame the country, with yin and yang.
-"Shan Hai Jing Overseas Western Classics" On odd days, I never forget to watch the DPRK. Another example of Purple Tongzhi Sword is odd-numbered days.
That is, a single day); Odd left (left arm only); Odd arms (only one arm. Also refers to the country name in ancient mythology); Oddly biased (biased on the one hand, one-sided) move (move) Qiā n (1) ㄑㄧㄢ (2) institutions, residences and other places: ~.
~ move. ~ migration.
(3) change, change: change ~. ~ just (change your mind and make do with others).
~ delay (delay) ~ angry.
Things just passed ~. .
Expand the odd age (the source of this word is odd. Original meaning: odd, strange) singular, even to odd, when it comes to decoupling.
-Shuowen has an odd number. -"White Tiger Child Marriage" surprise.
-"Yili Township Shooting Ceremony" has one arm and three eyes to blame the country, with yin and yang. -"Shan Hai Jing Overseas Western Classics" On odd days, I never forget to watch the DPRK.
Another example of Purple Tongzhi Sword is odd-numbered days. That is, a single day); Odd left (left arm only); Odd arms (only one arm.
Also refers to the country name in ancient mythology); Oddly biased (biased on the one hand, one-sided) move (move) Qiā n (1) ㄑㄧㄢ (2) institutions, residences and other places: ~. ~ move.
~ migration. (3) change, change: change ~.
~ just (change your mind and make do with others). ~ delay (delay)
~ angry. Things just passed ~.
(4) relegation, exile: ~ (relegated to a distant place). ~ guests (officials who have moved or been relegated to other places).
(5) In ancient times, the official tune generally referred to promotion: promotion. (6) Zheng code: WME, U:8FC 1,: C7A8 (7) number of strokes: 6, radical: parallelism, stroke order: 3 12454, and detailed meaning < verb >1.
Leave the table. Pictophonetic characters sometimes have ideographic functions, which is an example.
Move to a higher place) 2. Move with the original meaning [climb] and climb up. -"Shuo Wen" moved.
-"Erya" moved and moved. -"Guangya" is both a woman's move.
-"Poem Xiaoya Xiang Bo" came to Marjorie from the valley. -"Xiaoya Logging Poetry" 3. Another example: the moving warbler (referring to the oriole rising and flying.
Yu Dengdi) 4. [Promotion] Or transfer the emperor to Mingde. -"Shi Ya Di Yi" moved to the middle.
-"Li Hanguang Su Jian Zhuan" was moved to Taishiling. -"It's all Zhang Hengchuan" moved me like a fallen leaf.
-Xian Cui's Three Stories of Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao was moved to Chun 'an County. -"Ming History" 5. Another example: moving trees (metaphor for promotion); Dismissal (refers to the promotion and appointment of officials); Move to Joe (official from low to high); Moving seal (with title); Transfer (promotion to official rank) 6. Migration; Move [move; Migration; Change residence] 2. Inquire about national relocation.
-"Li Xiaozhou's personal deduction". Note: "It is said that all disciples have changed their cities."
Destroy its ancestral temple and remove its heavy weapons. -Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia was moved to Pan Geng.
-Wang Song Anshi's "Answering Sima's suggestion" is not as good as fighting. -Wen Song's "Tianxiang" Volume 7 "Preface". Another example: relocation (migration, migration); Relocation (originally referring to the relocation of the emperor); Relocation (relocation, relocation); Move to the ocean (from land near the ocean to the mainland); Relocation (relocation of cemetery); Resettlement (relocation and flight); Move the capital to Beijing (the capital); Relocation (spiritual relocation); Move the soil (move out of the countryside); Relocation (still moving); Move to a neighbor's house (move to a neighbor's house) 8. Change [change] There is a sect that will never move.
-The Book of Rites. Note: "Jude is easy to change."
When you give the order, the law will not move. -"everything is wrong. Order "has gradually gone to extremes.
-(British) Huxley and Yan Fu translated Evolution 9. Another example: things have changed; Rectification (changing the calendar system); Transfer (change); Transfer (people's temperament is polluted by customs and changed); Abalone (gradually influenced and assimilated invisibly); Migration date (change date) 10. Death. Such as: moving away (death); Deformation (death); Move away (leave); Move away (or die); Shifting spirits (the death of a monk); Move away (or die; Leave) 1 1. Exile; Exile [exile] angrily and leave.
-"Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng" Her husband was disobedient, and later he was arrested and moved. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's feudalism 12. Another example: relocation (exile); Expulsion (exile); Migration (exile) 13. Demote [banish from the court] It often moves a guest poet here.
-Yueyang Tower 14. Another example: moving away (exile); Relocation of officials (referring to belittling distant officials); Relocation (demotion); Relocation (accommodation); Move the temple (demotion) 15. [Scatter] Don't move. -"Mandarin Gold".
Note: "Discrete." 16. Another example: move away (escape; Escape); Migration (missing, lost); Move away (shake discontinuously).
7. How to learn classical Chinese in senior high school? First, carefully understand the words, reserve enough knowledge of classical Chinese, and implement the meaning and usage of every word in the classical Chinese text word by word, which must be accurate. Because only by accumulating a certain amount of words in classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently. Second, remember and learn skillfully. Idioms that make the study of classical Chinese easy and enjoyable are the remains of ancient words with strong vitality. Learning classical Chinese with the help of idioms can communicate ancient and modern characters and make classical Chinese knowledge less boring. You can kill two birds with one stone, and the study of classical Chinese and idioms can complement each other at the same time. This is a light and nifty clever learning method. For example, if Zhang Ming understands that "Zhang" in the idiom "tongue-tied" means "open, open wide", it is not difficult to remember that the meaning code of "Zhang" in the text "child's play" is hidden. An agent can see its meaning at a glance through the ancient writing of the original word, which is impressive and interesting. This is an intuitive and vivid learning method. For example, the small seal () is shaped like two hands. This shows the original meaning of "Yu": giving, giving and expanding through "Wen Yi". It is equivalent to getting the key to the knowledge of classical Chinese. There are always rules to follow when learning classical Chinese. Seeing "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people also" can be summed up as a judgment sentence of "zhe … ye", and then it can be summarized as "nai, necessary, that is, du" and other predicate judgments. Seeing "who we are, to whom we belong", we can conclude the law of "pronouns as objects and prepositions as objects in interrogative sentences". Seeing that "a lonely village does not feel sorry for itself", Guina draws the law that "the pronoun of a negative sentence is the object and the preposition is the object"; Seeing "what's the matter" and "mercenary", we can draw the law of "this is a compliment"; ..... In this way, what you learn in the textbook is "one", but what you gain is "one", so you can learn classical Chinese with ease. Fourth, knowledge transfer extends from the classroom to the examination room, treating every classical Chinese as reading materials in the examination room, or answering questions or comparing the tested questions, that is, you have a deep understanding of the text and cultivated a sense of language, knowledge transfer ability and examination room awareness.
8. How do high school students learn classical Chinese well? Many students feel that they can't start with classical Chinese in high school. I hope this will inspire everyone:
The study of classical Chinese in junior high school is just "reading, memorizing, without making specific requirements". The study of classical Chinese in senior high school should not only "memorize", accumulate language materials, increase perceptual knowledge, but also guide students to accumulate relevant knowledge of classical Chinese words and expressions. Only by attaching importance to the accumulation of basic knowledge such as classical Chinese words can we effectively cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese. In view of this, how should we learn classical Chinese?
First of all, learning classical Chinese should achieve "three more": reading more, reciting more and practicing more. The ancients learned classical Chinese by heart. Recite 300 Tang poems, and you can recite them even if you can't write poems! Although we don't have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to reading is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. When we say "read more", we should not only read textbooks, but also read books. If there is an opportunity, we should also read as many works in classical Chinese as possible, such as Four Books, Five Classics, and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, so as to broaden our horizons as much as possible. "Recite more" means that all the texts that need to be memorized must be memorized by letters, and it is best to write them down word by word, and even punctuation marks should not be wrong! You must not think that this is just "rote learning". If you can persist, then, imperceptibly, you will naturally master the ancient language habits and methods of choosing words and making sentences, and your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally be cultivated. "Practice more" is one of the shortcuts to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. We should not only complete the after-school training seriously, but also do more classification training of related words, so as to broaden our horizons and improve our comprehensive quality.
Secondly, learning classical Chinese should not only learn to attend classes, but also pay attention to preview and review. In preparation before class, in addition to clarifying the accidents in the footnotes, we should also circle a detailed outline, combine the context, ponder over it repeatedly, find out what we can't understand for the time being, and pay more attention to those different from modern Chinese. Of course, if conditions permit, we should also collect relevant information in case of emergency. When previewing, don't forget to read the text repeatedly, read the author's tone, weight and feelings as much as possible, and be fluent and full of emotions. If you have time, you can also make question cards for places you don't understand, so as to communicate or interact with teachers in class in time. Listen attentively to the lecture with questions in class, take notes carefully, and express your opinions in time, especially the places that you haven't understood and the teachers have ignored. Be sure to "ask why", don't have no choice but to pretend to understand! Reviewing after class is particularly important. Through review, we can not only consolidate our learning achievements, but also deepen our understanding, learn from others and cultivate our migration ability. Therefore, students must not be greedy for convenience. If you just listen in class, then you may be like a "monkey breaking corn"-losing corn to pick peaches, losing peaches to move watermelons, losing watermelons to chase rabbits, and leaving rabbits empty-handed-and finally, you will get nothing!
Third, to learn classical Chinese, we must learn to learn. Some students think that learning classical Chinese is nothing more than translating texts. Therefore, holding on to reference books in class is like a drowning person holding on to a life-saving straw, treating it as a treasure, respecting it as a god, and listening to any reference books! As everyone knows, these people mistake crutches for legs, and they can't walk without crutches! They generally don't like to listen to the teacher's explanation in class, and they don't think with their brains. They think there is everything in the reference books, so there is no need to worry about this luxury. But in the long run, the dependence on reference books is like a time bomb, which may kill you at any time! As soon as they opened the reference books, they knew everything at a glance; However, once the reference book is closed, it is like a child who can't walk without crutches and gains a blank face! Therefore, we should use reference books scientifically and borrow them only when necessary, because they are at most spare crutches. Don't treat them as "feet". You have to walk step by step on your own, and any opportunism can only be in vain!
Fourth, the key to learning classical Chinese is to focus on induction and accumulation. Generally speaking, for beginners of classical Chinese, it is best to summarize each lesson and each unit. It can be summarized from phonetic symbols, polysemy, common words, ancient and modern different meanings, flexible use of parts of speech, special sentence patterns, idioms and allusions, key sentences and cultural common sense, and each item can be assigned a special symbol by itself to improve learning efficiency. For example, "① ② ③" is used to indicate polysemy; Use "※" to indicate nouns as adverbials; Use "#" to indicate usage; Use "⊙" to express the usage of conation; Use "≦" to express different meanings in ancient and modern times; Use "=" to represent interchangeable words; Use "@" to express idioms and allusions; Use special sentence patterns ... Of course, whatever you do, you should accumulate corresponding examples, otherwise, your knowledge will become a tree without roots and water without sources. ...
As long as you persevere, I am convinced that after three years, you will be outstanding and impressive!