Hemingway's works are unique in style, not only concise in style, but also vivid in language, which has a great influence on American literary circles. Hemingway 1954 won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Hemingway (1899 ~ 196 1) is an American novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. 1899 July 2 1 was born in a rubber garden town on the outskirts of Chicago. My father is a doctor and a sports enthusiast, and my mother is engaged in music education. Among the six brothers and sisters, he ranked second, and loved sports, fishing and hunting since childhood. After graduating from high school, I traveled to France and other places and worked as a trainee reporter after returning home. After the outbreak of World War I, he volunteered to go to Italy as a battlefield ambulance driver. 1965438+In the summer of 2008, he was seriously injured by shells at the front line and returned to China to recuperate. Later, he went to the Toronto Star as a reporter. 192 1 Back in Paris, I met American woman writer Stein, young writer Anderson and poet Pound. 1923, published his first novel, three short stories and ten poems, and then traveled to European countries. 1926, the novel The Sun Also Rises was published, which was initially successful and was called "the lost generation" by Stein. The appearance of the novel A Farewell to Arms, which reflects the First World War, brought the writer a reputation. In the early 1930s, Hemingway traveled and hunted in Africa. 1935 wrote "The Castle Peak of Africa" and some short stories. 1937 published the novel "With or without", describing the maritime smuggling activities between the United States and Cuba. During the Spanish Civil War, he visited the front three times as a reporter, wrote the script "The Fifth Column" during the war, and created the novel "For Who Will the Bell Toll" with the theme of Americans participating in the Spanish people's anti-fascist war (1940). He and many famous American writers and scholars donated money to support the just struggle of the Spanish people. 194 1 year, his wife Martha visited China to support War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China. Later, he returned to Europe as a war correspondent and took part in many battles. After the war, he lived in Cuba and devoted himself to writing. 1952, The Old Man and the Sea came out, which received rave reviews and won the Pulitzer Prize the following year. 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. After Castro took office, he left Cuba and settled in the United States. He committed suicide with a shotgun on July 2nd, 196 1 due to many old injuries, diseases and depression. Hemingway's posthumous works include: Island in Rapids (1970) and Eden (1986). His unique style and tough guy image have a far-reaching influence on modern European and American literature.
Ernest miller hemingway (1899— 196 1) is an American novelist. 1899 was born in a doctor's family near Chicago, 1954 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He participated in the First World War, then worked as a journalist in Europe, and participated in the Second World War and the Spanish Civil War as a journalist. Suffering from various diseases and depression in his later years, he committed suicide in 196 1 year. His early novels The Sun Also Rises (1927) and A Farewell to Arms (1927) have become the main representative works of the "lost generation" in America.
In 1930s and 1940s, he created an image of an anti-fascist fighter who got rid of confusion and pessimism, fought bravely for the people's interests and died fearlessly, as well as the novel For whom the bell tolls. In 1950s, Santiago was portrayed as a "tough guy image" (masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea 1950) that "you can destroy him, but you can't beat him". Hemingway is the spiritual monument of the American nation.
The 1920s was the early period of Hemingway's literary creation. He wrote In Our Time, Spring Tide, A Man Without Women, and novels The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, etc. During this period, just as the western world behind the social collapse degenerated into the wasteland as Eliot saw, the novel The Sun Also Rises tells the life scenes of a group of young people living in postwar Europe and the profound changes in their spiritual world. Jack Barnes, the hero of the novel, is an American journalist, and the war destroyed his sexual ability. He fell in love with an English nurse, Brett Ashley, and she fell in love with him, but they couldn't be together.
Robert Cohen, an American writer, has many false and romantic fantasies about life. He also falls in love with Brett, but she doesn't like him. This group of young people, after vicissitudes of life, roamed the European continent after the war, doing nothing all day, drinking, quarreling or fighting. The war took away their loved ones and left them with physical and mental wounds. They are extremely disgusted with war, have doubts about justice and traditional values, and are bored, confused and depressed about life. The novel condemns the war from a unique angle and is anti-war. This novel has become a masterpiece of the "lost generation" literary school because it describes the confusion of a generation.
A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway's masterpiece. Taking the anti-imperialist war as the theme, he revealed the historical reasons for the emergence of the "lost generation" and accused the war of destroying people's ideals and happiness, hurting people's hearts and ruining millions of innocent lives. This work reveals the basic characteristics of Hemingway's prose style and "modern narrative art". The plot of the work is simple and pure, the language is unpretentious, the sentences are short and concise, and the environmental description realizes the blending of scenes.
In the 1940s, according to his experiences and impressions in Africa, he wrote Green Hills in Africa, Snow in Kilimanjaro, and published The Short Happiness of Francis Ma Bei. 1932 The publication of Death in the Afternoon praised the famous saying of American architect Rodwig that "less is better", which made the works more refined, shortened the distance between the works and the readers, and put forward the "iceberg principle", which only expressed one-eighth of things, making the works full, implicit and intriguing.
From 65438 to 0939, Hemingway wrote the famous novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, which is an important work connecting the past and the future. It wrote a touching story. Robert Jordan, a volunteer of the international column, died to cooperate with the guerrilla bombing of the bridge. This work is one of the most thoughtful works in Hemingway's mid-term creation. To some extent, it overcame and got rid of loneliness, confusion and crying, and integrated itself into society, showing the lofty spirit of dedication to the just cause.
After World War II, Hemingway's creation entered the later stage, and his masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea won the Nobel Prize in Literature of 1954 for its courage in the "real world full of violence and death". Hemingway's life-long creation left a glorious page in the history of modern literature. He used his own experience to expose the hypocrisy of the authorities and the cruelty of reality, portrayed the confusion of the younger generation in the United States, and his works were full of love for the working people, which made realism gain new glory in the open and inclusive exploration of artistic creation!
Hemingway's life
O nast Miller Hemingway was born on1July 2, 8991day. He is the second of six children in a family. His mother asked him to practice playing the cello; His father taught him to fish and shoot. There seems to be no trauma in childhood. Middle school is 19 17. He is a passionate and competitive American boy. Good academic performance, all-round development of sports (swimming, football, shooting, and secretly going to the local gym to learn boxing), participating in debate groups, playing cello in the school band, editing the hanger of the school newspaper, contributing to the literary magazine board, writing short stories (which have begun to take shape in the future) and writing poems. Sometimes he hitchhiked to travel. Once I hunted herons in a game reserve, and then I hid to avoid legal punishment. Some critics believe that Hemingway's trip away from home shows that he lived a normal life in his childhood; But in the eyes of other critics, it symbolizes his early life style, just like a tree garden, reflecting the tension in his family life.
The interests of his father and mother must be diametrically opposed, which caused mutual reaction and some hostility in him. My sister, Roche Mazer Isababy Sanford, is two years older than him, but she grew up with Hemingway, saying that his parents "love each other deeply", but admitting that they "often get tired of each other". His mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, is a member of the Congregational Church and has a strong religious concept (she named her four daughters saints), but she is also an artistic woman. She decorated her family environment like a cultural salon organized by the church. His father, Clarence Edgardes Hemingway, was an outstanding doctor, an enthusiastic and well-trained athlete and a professional nature researcher. He aroused his son's interest in outdoor activities. In summer, they live in a house near Lake Toschi in northern Michigan. Dr Hemingway sometimes makes house calls with his son, crossing Hualong Lake, and going to the residence of Chinese Indians in Ojeb. They often go fishing and hunting together. They are closely related, although his father is strict with himself, even more strict and puritanical than Mrs Hemingway.
The influence of his parents on him is at least obvious. His interest in outdoor activities, as an athlete's training and courage, has never diminished. He likes music (although he hates learning cello) and art, as always. He cherished Bach and Mossad, saying that he learned writing methods from "research and acoustics and counterpoint"; He also said, "what I learned from painters is the same as what I learned from writers." Judging from the existing materials of Hemingway's childhood and adolescence, there is no indication that he will not be a normal adult in the future. However, if we take a look at this autobiographical writer's creation, we will find that the stories about that period (Indian Tent, Doctor and Doctor's Wife, The End of Something, Three Days of Gale, Fighter and Black Boy) with nick adams as the protagonist are all about violence and fear, confusion and disappointment. His classmates pointed out that loneliness and versatility were the most prominent characteristics of Hemingway's life.
Two months before he graduated, the United States entered the war. Carlos Becker wrote: "The road he faces is to go to college, fight and work." Hemingway chose a job. There is something wrong with his left eye, which makes him unfit for war. 19 17 10 month, he began to work as a trainee reporter in Kansas city's Star, which was one of the best newspapers in the United States at that time. In six months, he interviewed hospitals and police stations, and also learned excellent business knowledge from G G Wellington, an excellent editor of the Star. Hemingway learned for the first time in The Star that style, like life, needs training. Print out the list of famous styles of stars: "use short sentences" and "the first paragraph should be short." Use lively language. Let's say, don't say irony. " Hemingway learned to turn the rules of writing news into literary principles in a relatively short time.
However, the attraction of war attracted Hemingway more and more, and he began his expedition in the second half of May 19 18. Two months ago, he volunteered to go to Italy as a driver of the Red Cross, and only stayed at the front for a week. In the middle of the night on the last Monday of this week, Hemingway was hit by an Austrian mortar shrapnel while distributing chocolate to Italian soldiers in the village of Fu Salda on the Piavi River in northeast Italy. A soldier next to him was killed and another soldier in front of him was seriously injured. When he dragged the injured soldier to the back, he was hit by a machine gun in the knee again; When they arrived at the shelter, the wounded soldier was already dead. Hemingway was hit in the leg by more than 200 shrapnel. He stayed in a hospital in Milan for three months and had more than a dozen operations, most of which were taken out. When he was injured, it was two weeks before his 19 birthday.
In the early 1950s, Hemingway said, "For writers, war experience is valuable. But this kind of experience is too much, but it is harmful. " The explosion that destroyed Hemingway's body also penetrated into his thoughts, which had a longer and far-reaching impact. A direct consequence is insomnia, and I can't sleep all night in the dark. Five years later, Hemingway and his wife lived in Paris, and he still couldn't sleep without turning on the light. In his works, people who have lost their eyes appear everywhere. Jack bernice in The Sun Also Rises, Frederick Henry and nick adams in A Farewell to Arms, Mr. Fletcher in Gamblers, Nuns and the Radio, Harry in the Snow of Kilimanjaro and the Old Man in a Clean and Bright Place all suffer from insomnia and are afraid of the night.
The old waiter said, "After all, it's just insomnia. There must be many people who have this disease. " Insomnia is a symptom of this painful complication. Hemingway, his hero and ("there must be many people suffering from this disease") his compatriots are suffering. Philip Yang made an excellent and reasonable psychological analysis of Hemingway's personality, and put forward the argument that the emotions caused by the trauma he caused to people were beyond his rational control. Hemingway searched for this kind of similar experience repeatedly and obsessively in his later years to drive away that kind of mental trauma; If he can't do it, he will constantly reproduce the incident through creative thinking to control the anxiety caused by it.
Yang wisely pointed out that Hemingway was ultimately concerned with art, not trauma. But in a local scope, Yang's personality theory can unify Hemingway's personality with his works. Moreover, for Hemingway to observe the war and for this artist, this theory has given special significance. A Farewell to Arms and some short stories describe the social, emotional and moral significance of war. However, it is not only this description that makes his war experience "valuable": it forged his view on human destiny in his mind, which influenced almost all his works. Mortar fragments have become a symbol of the destructive power of the cruel world, and Hemingway and his hero have become symbols of the injured human beings seeking a way to survive. He is almost ready to turn that perception of life into a literary work.
In the five years after he won the Red Medal of Courage, he slowly went to his destination and worked hard for his writing career. Oak Park warmly welcomes its hero back, but Hemingway's parents-especially his mother-are bored with it, because the young man has no ambition except writing and is very willing to accept the support of his family. He has written features for Toronto's Daily Star and Star Weekly. His sister Roach Mazer Ni Lin wrote that just after his 2 1 birthday, his mother issued an ultimatum: either find a permanent job or move out. Hemingway moved out and spent a year in Chicago as an editor of Cooperative Welfare, an organ newspaper for promoting cooperative investment. That winter, he met sherwood anderson, his first important friend in the literary world, and through him, he met other members of the Chicago School. At the same time, he knew and fell in love with Hadley Richardson, a red-haired beauty eight years older than him. 192 1 In September, Hemingway married Hadley, spent their honeymoon in their country house, and then went to Toronto to be a special correspondent for several months.
However, what he really needs is Europe and time for writing. Mr. and Mrs. Hemingway are determined to accept a job as a part-time reporter abroad. In the following two years, Hemingway became a mobile reporter for The Star in Europe, living in Paris, writing reports on international conferences between Geneva and Lausanne, including concise and dramatic sirrah war telegrams. Occasionally, he will write some relaxed but keen impressions about Swiss skiing, Spanish bullfighting and post-war life in Germany. His early journalism training, coupled with his natural love for simplicity, has become a style, and the telegrams he writes now-concise and compact-make this style more powerful.
At the same time, he wrote novels and poems and wanted to find a publisher to publish one of his things, but he never found it (since 19 18). 1922 A series of events happened quickly, which accelerated his hopes, and then he was disappointed. With a letter of introduction from Sherwood Andersen, he took his works to see Gertrude Stein. Her salon on Furong Road is the art center of ezra pound, James Joyce and ford madox ford. Stan likes this young man. He looks like a mainlander and his eyes are "curious and emotional". She encouraged him to become a writer, but suggested that he give up his job as a journalist completely and revise his prose more concisely: "There are many descriptions here, but they are not well written. Start from scratch and write better. " Pound also liked the new writer, walked and boxed with him, and encouraged him to continue writing poems. In May and June, Hemingway published his works for the first time-a satirical fable "Wonderful Posture" with only two pages and a poem "The Last" with only four lines. This poem is blank, which fills the blank left by william faulkner's six poems. Two-faced magazine published these two works, and his luck was helped by sherwood anderson.
The disaster happened at the end of 1922, when he was attending the Lausanne Peace Conference. He agreed to let Hadley bring a suitcase to see him. Hadley put almost all his manuscripts in this box (some of them were sent by mail). At Lyon station in Paris, she put the suitcase in the suitcase. After a while, she came back and found that the suitcase was gone. A few years later, Hemingway wrote to Carlos Becker: this incident made him extremely painful, and he "couldn't wait to have an operation at once, so that he wouldn't think about it." Hemingway had no choice but to start over, and this time he achieved amazing success. 1923, several of his works were adopted by publications. Harriet Munro published his first short poem in Poetry Journal (1924 1 month). Margaret Anderson and Jean Heep published his six short stories (* * * eighteen short stories, originally planned to be published in the following year 1 month, with the total title of "In Our Time") in The Little Review (1April 923); /kloc-in the summer of 0/923, Robert McCann published Hemingway's first work, Three Stories and Ten Poems (three stories are In Michigan, My Old Man and Out of Time).
Although the future seems certain, there are realistic obstacles on the road. Hadley is pregnant and the couple have little money. They agreed to live in Toronto for two years and come to Paris after earning enough money, then he could devote himself to writing. They left Paris on August 1923. John Hadley ("Bumby") Hemingway was born in 10, but by 1924 1 0, Hemingway and his wife had returned to Paris and Mont panas and settled in an apartment in Notre Dame de Deschamps. Hemingway's success was delayed again because he had to spend part of his time working to support his family. He hasn't been to the vagrant life in martel, and he doesn't have enough to eat, which is recorded in The Flowing Banquet, but he insists on writing. As Stein observed, "He writes very seriously and wants to be a writer." The breakthrough occurred in 1925, perhaps with the help of two influential supporters. Before Scott Fitzgerald knew Hemingway, edmund wilson had shown him Hemingway's works, and Fitzgerald was impressed by it, and urged Maxwell Perkins of Crist Company to draft it. Perkins wrote a letter, but it was ten days late because of a mailing error. Hemingway once accepted the advance payment from 200 yuan by Bonnie and Livwright of Antoine Publishing House, and published his collection of short stories "In Our Time", including the early sketches of the novels of the same name, and also accepted the permission of the publishing company for his next two books.
In terms of economic income, In Our Time is a failure, and so is the next book, Spring Tide, which satirizes and imitates Antoine's works. However, Hemingway has attracted the attention of important American critics such as allen tate, Paul Rosenfeld and Louis Kronberg. They all think that Hemingway is a new voice in American literature. However, it was Fitzgerald who talked about Hemingway's talent most convincingly. In How to Waste Materials-Comment on My Contemporaries, Fitzgerald criticized those writers who have achieved a stable position, especially Lu Hengyu Mencken and Anderson, and thought that they "emphasized the' significance' of discovering America" and "didn't mean it because they didn't need it". Fitzgerald said that people living abroad do have this advantage, and they can form a kind of "not corrupt" for themselves. Fitzgerald takes Hemingway and In Our Time as the main examples to show that the writer "has a new temperament" and has the above two characteristics. Fitzgerald's article was published in May. Five months later, Hemingway confirmed that Fitzgerald's praise was very reasonable.
1926 10, the scribe Turner Company published The Sun Also Rises, and Hemingway, who was less than 30 years old, became a critical writer. As a writer's first novel, it sold well and won favorable comments. In his later years, Hemingway recalled his dreams, hard training and disasters when he recalled the life scenes from192 to 1926 in his book The Flowing Banquet. Dreams are idyllic: pure love for Hadley, beautiful places such as Paris and Warrab, friendship between friends. Hard training-writing yourself as a hungry person, eager for success, and relentlessly restraining yourself is also to form your own literary style. Disaster is a nightmare reality that comes with success. It shattered dreams and destroyed training, leaving only desire, indulgence and disappointment. When Hemingway wrote this book, physical and psychological diseases may aggravate the sweetness and spasm of nostalgia of the elderly. However, in a sense, it also shows that Hemingway finally understood that his early years in Paris were the most integrated time for him as a person and an artist. He published In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises, especially A Farewell to Arms published by 1929. He has enough experience to form his views on human destiny and his style of expressing this view. Although his artistic development is not over yet, what he wrote later is more exquisite and brilliant at most, which changed the theme of his writing.
His performance in the next twenty or thirty years can be sung-except for a series of almost legendary anecdotes-to some extent because Hemingway flexibly adapted his image among the masses to the requirements of the times. It is for this reason that his personal charm among the masses-whether it is the friendly nickname "Dad" or the combative title "Champion". However, what is more attractive is the drastic changes in the heart. When his fame has changed from a trickle to a trend, his sensory ability seems to be rolling in the sink. In early works, fear and beauty are inextricably linked: they can only be conveyed through extremely subtle feelings. Artists control people's image. In later works, the nuances of repressed feelings are often written too far, almost becoming a mockery of feelings. The inner dramatic power is here. Because Hemingway seems to want to make up for his artistic failure and overreaction in life. What he did in the real world still reflects his tragic experience, and he urgently needs to face the hostile world and affirm his self-image. However, because the heroic spirit is too conspicuous and too determined, the actions of the characters are too obvious. Therefore, it has been reduced to the point of being funny, embarrassing and often boring. If he explored art in the 1920s, the artist himself became an adventurer in the 1930s and 1940s. His view of life has not changed, but his artistic efforts have slackened.
Between the publication of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway divorced Chudleigh and married Pauline Pappy, the fashion editor of Vogue. They returned to America and settled in Kivis Island. 1927, Hemingway completed and published his second collection of short stories, Men Without Women. 1928, when he wrote the first draft of A Farewell to Arms, Pauline gave birth to their first child (she gave birth to two sons); When revising the first draft, he learned that his father had diabetes and committed suicide because of financial difficulties, using the pistol his father used during the civil war. Twenty years later, Hemingway recalled in the preface of the illustrated book A Farewell to Arms: "There were good times and bad times that year", but he said that he "lived in a book" and "was happier than I ever was." In the early 1930s, he was rich in economy, happily married and taking risks everywhere. Over the years, he went to Wyoming and Montana to hunt wild ducks and elk, hunted large animals in Africa, and boarded the customized yacht "pilar" to fish off Kivis Island and Bemini Island. These years were the Great Depression. The economic crisis plunged the country into depression, but Hemingway was more like an avid boy scout. From 1934 to 1936, he wrote 23 vivid but not very valuable articles for Master magazine, describing hunting and fishing, providing a spiritual refuge for victims in cities during the Great Depression. They saw the face of a hero in an unfortunate period in Hemingway's rough and arrogant face and strong body; His implicit prose and concise dialogue show a typical "elegant demeanor under heavy pressure". His two non-fiction works published over the years have strengthened this image. One is Death in the Afternoon (1932), which praises the ceremony of bullfighting, and the other is Castle Peak in Africa (1935), which describes a hunting trip and previews the tragedy of man and beast, but almost screams at the dignity of human courage.
In the early 1930s, for whom the bell tolls was written relatively little. In the 1920s, Hemingway published two novels, thirty-five short stories, a model work of harmony, some poems and a considerable number of communication reports. In the first half of 1930s, his main work was Winner Get Nothing (1933), which was a collection of 14 short stories. 1936, he published Snow of Kilimanjaro, one of his best short stories. The protagonist is a writer who laughs at himself because he can't write what he should write.
From 1937 to the end of World War II, the artist Hemingway remained an adventurer, only changing his costume. Starting from henry morgan's sentence in Being and Nothing (1937)-"One can't do it ... he can't do it well"-Hemingway and his hero sacrificed their private affairs and turned to the collective responsibility brought about by the world crisis. At least on the surface, the Great Depression and the Spanish Civil War shattered Hemingway's belief that the main task of a writer is to "write people directly and sincerely" and that "anyone who takes politics as a way out is cheating." Left-wing critics have always laughed at Hemingway's isolationism in his mind, and now welcome his transformation. In fact, Hemingway did not turn left in his novel creation. The characters in his novels all took the old road-adventure and loneliness, and the result was a dead end. They re-entered this world, because democracy may be better than fascism, but although they are mixed with the people, they are not a member of the people. So did Hemingway. No matter what war he took part in, it became his war. As always, he used his own conditions and reasons to fight.
Hemingway went to Spain at the beginning of 1937. Officially, he is a reporter of the Arctic American Newspaper Union, but he is not an impartial bystander. He lent money to the troops loyal to * * * and the government to buy an ambulance service, spoke at the second national writers' conference in the United States to attack fascism, helped to film the pro-* and government film Land of Spain (1938), and published his only long drama "The Fifth Column" describing the conflict. 1939, he bought a property in the "lookout farm" on the outskirts of Havana. In the house on top of the property, he wrote a novel about fascism, democracy and individuals, For whom the bell tolls.
A few days after the novel was published, Pauline Papfavre divorced him on the grounds of "abandonment". Less than a week later, Hemingway married his third wife, martha gellhorn. Born in St. Louis, she is a novelist and journalist. They lived together for five years. In the first two years of their marriage, they went to China as war reporters, and Hemingway wrote a report for the now closed new york newspaper Afternoon. Hemingway believes in these reports that it is unlikely that war will break out between Japan, Britain and the United States, but it is not impossible. He foresaw that if Japan attacked American bases in the Pacific or Southeast Asia, war would be inevitable.
From 1942 to 1944, as a journalist without military status, he was sent to the third army to be written by Barton by Corriere magazine. During this period, Hemingway patrolled the sea with the pilar, which was paid by the government and equipped with communication and blasting facilities, and became an anti-submarine warship in disguise. Although "pilar" didn't encounter submarines (if it did, Hemingway would have ordered himself to throw grenades and incendiary bombs at the control tower), Hemingway's report may have helped the navy detect the positions of some submarines and sank them, and Hemingway was commended for these achievements. 1944 Hemingway cooperated with the Royal Air Force and took part in several battles by plane. He was not injured, but in a car accident during the blackout in London, his head and knees were injured. Several newspapers published his obituary, but not long after, Hemingway watched the battle for a few minutes at Fox Green Beach in Normandy before returning to the ship on the day of allied landing.
Although he nominally belonged to General Patton's army, he acted together with the Fourth Infantry Division of the First Army and took part in the Battle of Liberation of Paris and the Battle of Convection? /ca & gt；