1. Respecting teachers and valuing education

"Respecting teachers and valuing education" comes from "Book of Rites·Xue Ji", which is the earliest article in ancient China and the world that specifically discusses education and teaching. treatise on the issue. It is an article in the "Book of Rites", an ancient Chinese treatise on rules and regulations, written in the late Warring States Period.

According to Guo Moruo's research, the author is Le Zhengke, a student of Mencius. The idiom "respecting teachers and respecting teachings" comes from "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty - The Biography of Kong Xi": "When all ministers hear that the Ming King and the Holy Master, they all respect their teachers and their ways." It can be seen that respecting teachers and respecting their ways is a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation.

2. Strict hierarchy

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were an era of transition from the feudal system to the county system. It was an era in which advanced feudal production relations defeated the backward slavery production relations. Academically, it is an era in which scholars are flourishing and the contention of a hundred schools of thought is unprecedentedly active.

Due to the different backgrounds and different positions of scholars, the political opinions and requirements they put forward when solving or answering practical problems were also different. They wrote books and argued endlessly, and a hundred schools of thought contended, forming many schools such as Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, Yin-Yangism, famous scholars, strategists, miscellaneous scholars, peasants, novelists, etc.

3. Decisive battles require gods and divination

During the Spring and Autumn Period, even if there was a decisive battle between the two countries, they would have to pray to gods and divination in the ancestral temple, and divination would often be performed on the battlefield. , can decide whether to start a war.

4. Sacrifice to Gods

All gods in the sky are sacrifices to gods, including sacrifices to the Supreme God (Heaven), various celestial bodies (sun, moon and stars), and various celestial phenomena ( Dayu Hanshu) etc. Sacrifice to the supreme god - "Heaven"

"Heaven" has its likes and dislikes, and will also bless or punish the monarchs in the world based on its likes and dislikes. The human monarch calls himself the "Son of Heaven" and uses the fictitious blood relationship with Heaven to maintain the legitimacy of his rule. Therefore, the Jiaotian Sacrifice became the most solemn sacrifice in the two-week period.

5. The gift of sipping sauce

China has a long history of making and eating sauce. The sauce at that time was called "熢", and "Zhou Li" recorded "a hundred pounds", which shows that it was made at that time. The development of food sauces.

According to "Zhou Li Tianguan", the emperor of Zhou used "one hundred and twenty products" for sacrifices or guests, and used "one hundred and twenty jars" of sauce. These one hundred and twenty jars of sauce included minced meat. The sixty jars and the sixty jars of fermented food are compound seasonings made from animal and plant foods plus condiments. One hundred and twenty dishes are paired with one hundred and twenty jars of sauce, one dish is paired with one sauce. This is an unprecedented royal dietary system created by the King of Zhou.

Extended information:

Traditional Chinese etiquette:

1. "The gift of nine guests".

This is the most solemn etiquette in ancient my country. It was originally an important ceremony specially used by the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty to receive the princes of the world.

There were 800 vassal states in the Zhou Dynasty. The Emperor of Zhou gave different titles to each vassal king according to their closeness. The titles were divided into five categories: Duke, Marquis, Uncle, Son, and Male. Official positions are divided into three levels: ministers, officials, and scholars. The kings of vassal states call themselves "gu".

These "Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Nan, Gu, Qing, Dafu and Shi" are collectively called "Nine Yis" or "Nine Bins". The etiquette used by the Emperor of Zhou Dynasty when meeting the "nine guests" was called "the etiquette of the nine guests". The "Nine Guest Ceremony" is very grand: first, they are arranged in order from the inside of the hall to the outside.

The nine ceremonial officials greeted the guests with a loud voice, which was passed down from top to bottom with a majestic tone. According to ancient etiquette, the "Nine Guests' Rites" can only be used by the Emperor of Zhou. However, during the Warring States Period, when the Zhou Dynasty declined and the princes became hegemons, the "Nine Guests' Rites" were also used by the princes and evolved into the highest form of ceremony for the princely states to receive foreign envoys. Diplomatic etiquette. The "ritual of setting up nine guests" in "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" refers to this.

2. "Kneel down and worship."

It has emerged as early as primitive society, but at that time people only expressed friendship and respect in the form of kneeling and worshiping, and there was no relationship of superiority and inferiority. After entering class society, the situation is different, especially in feudal society, "kneeling down" is a sign of surrender, "to bow down means to submit; to look at the head means to submit to anything."

Even if it is When peers kneel down and worship each other, it also means respecting each other. "Kneel down and worship" has various forms, but the main ones are as follows: ⑴ "Ji Shou": It is the ceremony for ministers to worship the emperor.

The worshiper puts his head on the ground and stays for a long time;

⑵ "Stop": that is, kowtow. Standing up as soon as your head touches the ground is a relatively solemn etiquette used among ordinary people. The ancients often wrote the word "pause" at the beginning or end of letters to show respect; in addition, there were also "empty head", "obeisance again", etc.

3. "Yield".

"揖" means to bow, with hands cupped and fists arched, the body slightly leaning forward; "揖" means to be humble. This is a popular etiquette, generally used when a guest and host meet each other, or in more casual situations among peers. "To make a bow and bow" is not only an introduction, but also a greeting. This etiquette best embodies the virtue of "humility" of the Chinese nation.

4. "Open-arm salute".

Also called "left and right", it is a special etiquette on specific occasions. The so-called "left and right bareness" refers to exposing the left arm or the right arm to show which side you support. It is generally used in serious situations to resolve disputes by showing who you support by "baring your arms". The equivalent of today's show of hands vote. This kind of etiquette probably originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

5. "Virtual Zuo Li".

The ancients generally respected the left side, so the right side was given the more honorable status. But when riding in a vehicle, it's just the opposite: "left" is the position of respect when riding. For example, "Jun Xinling steals the talisman to save Zhao": "The young master rides on the chariot and makes an empty left. He is a descendant of Yingyi clan."

Later, after evolution, "empty left" means respect for people. When "hospitality" or "leaving someone an official position". Chang Qian said, "Be patient and wait." The behavior of "waiting in vain" has become a kind of etiquette of respecting others.

Baidu Encyclopedia_Etiquette