(1) Confucius advocated "paying equal attention to learning and thinking", "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous". In other words, learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is empty, and the two cannot be neglected.

(2) Mencius emphasized and exaggerated the role of "thinking", and advocated that in-depth study should have its own gains and opinions, especially the spirit of independent thinking in learning. Reading is necessary, but if you want to understand, you can't just go with the flow, you can't trust or blindly follow the literature and classics of the previous generation.

(3) Xunzi emphasized "seeking from outside" and "learning" in the relationship between learning and thinking, which is contrary to Mencius' thought of "seeking from inside".