2. Requirements of decoction and Chinese patent medicine on the appearance quality and internal quality of decoction pieces: the appearance quality of decoction pieces is controlled by shape, color, taste and quality. The requirements for the form of decoction are stricter than those of Chinese patent medicine, and the requirements for color, fragrance and quality are basically the same. The internal quality of decoction pieces mainly refers to the content index of toxic components and effective components. Both decoction and Chinese patent medicine should strictly control the internal quality of decoction pieces, especially toxic Chinese medicine. The requirements of general Chinese patent medicines are higher than those of decoction.
3. Processing requirements of different dosage forms and excipients: external dosage forms, such as buccal tablets, ointments, lotions, etc. For local use, without going through digestive tract, it can be used as a raw product after purification. The auxiliary materials used in Chinese patent medicine simplify the processing of some medicinal materials. For example, honey is also used in the production of honey pills, and its use is partly the same as honey baking, so the production of Lizhong pills uses raw licorice; When using decoction, licorice is often roasted with honey. In some dosage forms, according to the technological requirements, clean medicinal materials can be directly crushed and used as medicine. For example, some kinds or ingredients are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine injections and tablets. Example Berberine Tablets. 1, improve the curative effect of the prescription.
2. Change the indications of prescription
3. Eliminate the side effects of some drugs in the prescription.
The application of traditional Chinese medicine mostly reflects its curative effect by formulating prescriptions. Processing can reduce the side effects of single Chinese medicine, and the side effects of prescription should be reduced. Whether the processed products of a single traditional Chinese medicine are properly selected has a certain influence on the curative effect, indications and toxic and side effects of the prescription. Effect of processing on four flavors: 1. Through processing, the deviation of drugs is corrected. 2. Through processing, the taste of the medicine is enhanced. 3, through processing, change the taste of drugs, expand the use of drugs.
Effect of processing on ups and downs: 1, "rise and fall". 2. "Wine promotion". 3. Processing can change the smell and texture of drugs, transform their ups and downs, and make drugs better adapt to the requirements of clinical medication.
Effect of processing on meridian tropism Traditional Chinese medicine can change its meridian tropism or introduce drugs into meridians by heating auxiliary materials, making its efficacy more specific. Such as "salt into the kidney" and "vinegar into the liver".
The effect of processing on toxicity is "toxic cooked". After processing, the toxicity of toxic traditional Chinese medicine is reduced from large to small or even non-toxic, so as to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication. Such as aconite, nux vomica, etc. Raw products are highly toxic and are mostly used for external use. After processing, the toxicity is reduced and it can be taken orally. The material basis of processing traditional Chinese medicine for treating diseases is its bioactive components. During the processing of traditional Chinese medicine, due to the influence of heating temperature, heating time, auxiliary materials and water treatment, its physical and chemical properties have changed in different degrees, mainly in the composition and content of components or physical morphology, which leads to the change of efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine, or synergistic effect, or toxic, or produces new efficacy to meet the clinical needs of traditional Chinese medicine. It is of great significance to study the influence of processing on the physical and chemical properties of traditional Chinese medicine and explore the processing principle of traditional Chinese medicine.
1. Effect of processing on drugs containing alkaloids: Free alkaloids are soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and insoluble in water, but can form salts with acids and dissolve in water. The vinegar roasting of Rhizoma Corydalis is to make tetrahydropalmatine into salt to increase solubility and improve curative effect.
The influence of processing on it:
1, this kind of traditional Chinese medicine is often processed with wine, vinegar and other accessories to improve the curative effect.
2. If the ingredients are easily soluble in water, the principle of less foaming and more moistening should be adopted to reduce losses, such as betel nut.
3. People with reduced thermal activity should eat it raw, such as pomegranate peel, gentian and Sophora Tonkinensis.
4. Some toxic alkaloids, such as Aconitum carmichaeli and Aconitum kusnezoffii, are unstable at high temperature, resulting in changes such as hydrolysis and decomposition, and their content and toxicity can be reduced by heating treatment.
Second, the influence of processing on drugs containing glycosides
Properties of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine: soluble in water and ethanol; Easy to hydrolyze under acidic conditions; It is easy to be hydrolyzed by corresponding enzymes under certain temperature and humidity conditions.
The influence of processing on it:
1, soak as little as possible, moisturize as much as possible to prevent the loss of ingredients. Such as rhubarb, licorice, cortex fraxini, etc.
2. Wine is often used as an auxiliary material to improve solubility.
3, generally with little or no vinegar treatment. So as to avoid increase that complexity of components and reduce the content of glycoside.
4. Stir-frying, steaming, roasting, steaming or insolating are often used to destroy or inhibit the activity of enzymes and preserve their efficacy. Such as bitter almond, Sophora japonica and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.
Third, the influence of processing on drugs containing volatile oil
Properties: Volatile at room temperature; Soluble in most organic solvents and fatty oils, but insoluble in water.
The influence of processing on it:
1, heating or not heating as little as possible, drying in the shade, and "washing" water treatment. Such as mint and agastache rugosa.
2. If the volatile oil is toxic or irritating, most of it can be removed by heating, which is beneficial to clinical application. Such as frankincense and atractylodes rhizome.
Fourthly, the influence of processing on drugs containing tannins.
Properties: Soluble in water, especially hot water. As a strong reducing agent, it can be oxidized by oxygen in the air to produce tanning red. High temperature resistance, heat treatment has little effect on it. Tannin can react with iron to produce black-green tannin iron salt precipitation. When tannins are active ingredients, avoid contact with iron, such as rhubarb.
The influence of processing on it:
1, to prevent the loss of ingredients, such as Sanguisorba officinalis, Polygonum cuspidatum, pomegranate peel, etc.
2. Betel nut, white peony root, etc. When exposed to air, it sometimes turns red, which is caused by the oxidation of tannins contained in it to tan red.
3. The content of anthracene glycoside decreased, tannin changed little, diarrhea was alleviated and convergence was enhanced when rhubarb was charcoal-fried.
4. In order to avoid reaction with iron, it is necessary to cut with copper knife, scrape with bamboo knife, wash in bathtub and fry in casserole.
5. Effect of processing on drugs containing organic acids
Organic acids are widely found in plant medicines, especially in immature fruits.
The influence of traditional Chinese medicine processing on it;
1, small molecular organic acids are mostly soluble in water, so it is advisable to soak less and moisten more to avoid the loss of components.
2. Some organic acids can form salts with alkaloids, which is beneficial to drug efficacy. Such as Evodia rutaecarpa and Coptis chinensis.
3. Strong acidic organic acids are very irritating to the mouth and stomach. When heated, it can destroy a part, and the acidity will decrease, such as hawthorn.
Sixth, the influence of processing on lipid-containing drugs
Oils and fats usually have the function of relaxing bowels or inducing diarrhea, and some of them are serious and toxic. After heating and pressing, some oil components can be removed, which can avoid diarrhea caused by intestinal slippery or reduce toxic and side effects. For example, deoiling and frosting of Platycladus orientalis seeds can reduce or eliminate intestinal slippery effect; Gualou ointment can eliminate the disadvantages of nausea and vomiting, and is suitable for patients with spleen and stomach weakness.
Effect of processing on drugs containing resin: resin is generally insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
The influence of processing on it:
1, often treated with wine and vinegar to improve solubility and enhance curative effect.
2, heating processing can enhance the efficacy of some drugs, such as Garcinia cambogia. However, if the temperature is too high, the resin will denature and affect the curative effect, such as frankincense and myrrh.
Petunia resin has diarrhea effect, and it can relieve diarrhea by destroying part of the resin after frying.
Seven, the influence of processing on drugs containing protein and amino acids.
The influence of processing on it:
1. Toxic protein can be denatured by heating to eliminate toxicity, such as croton and white lentils.
2, effective protein should avoid heating, such as Wan Lei and Trichosanthes root should be eaten raw.
3. Some protein heat treatments have produced a series of changes, resulting in new substances with therapeutic effects. Such as egg yolk, black beans and so on. Nitrogen-containing pyridine and porphyrin derivatives with detoxification, spasmolysis, antipruritic, antibacterial and antiallergic effects can be obtained.
Eight, the influence of processing on sugary drugs
The influence of processing on it:
1. Monosaccharide and oligosaccharide are soluble in water, but more soluble in hot water. Polysaccharides are insoluble in water, but can be hydrolyzed into oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. Therefore, sugary drugs should be treated with water as little as possible, especially heated with water.
2. Some glycoside drugs can decompose a lot of sugar after heating. For example, the sweet taste of rehmannia glutinosa is increased after it is made into rehmannia glutinosa; The increase of reducing sugar content after processing Polygonum multiflorum Thunb is related to the change of sugar composition.
Nine. Effect of processing on inorganic compound drugs
Inorganic components widely exist in traditional Chinese medicine, among which mineral medicine and shellfish medicine are the most common.
Influence of processing on it
1. The calcination method of mineral medicine can change its physical properties and is easy to crush, which is beneficial to the decoction of effective components, gastrointestinal absorption and enhanced curative effect.
2. Drugs containing crystal water lose crystal water after preparation, which changes the efficacy. Such as gypsum and alum.
3. Change the chemical composition to produce therapeutic effect. If raw calamine is not used as medicine, its composition will change from zinc carbonate to zinc oxide after calcination, which has the functions of detoxifying, improving eyesight, relieving itching and healing sores.