Before I came into contact with The Analects of Confucius, I was a clever girl. I listened to the teacher in class and learned all the knowledge without looking back when I got home. When the teacher checks, he can also distinguish one from another by virtue of "cleverness" and "hiding the sky and crossing the sea"
Once, the monthly exam was coming. The teacher wrote a few words on the blackboard: "Review the past and learn the new", and said: "This is a sentence in the Analects of Confucius, which means that in the process of learning new knowledge, you should always review what you have learned before, so that you can study happily and easily. Students who usually do this will have good test scores. " I read those words carelessly and didn't take them to heart. I was dumbfounded when I handed out the test paper. I found that there was a problem I couldn't do. The teacher said it in class, and I didn't review it after class. I can't remember now. This question is five points! I am in a hurry. I closed my eyes for a while and scratched my head for a while. I can't wait to go back to class at once and listen to the teacher's explanation again. Although I racked my brains and thought hard for a long time, I was still in vain and had to hand in my test paper with regret. I was really upset when the results were announced. "Yin Tong, 89 points!" Suddenly, it seems that there are 10 thousand pairs of eyes staring at me uniformly. I'm really ashamed. I wish there was a crack in the ground where I could hide. I was flushed with shame. Because my test scores have always been among the best, but I suddenly fell into a deep valley, and I was very sad.
Later, I accidentally read the Analects of Confucius and saw at a glance what the teacher said:
"Review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." I pondered for a long time and thought about my academic performance. Suddenly I feel suddenly enlightened and understand a lot of truth. I wrote this sentence on the title page of the textbook as a warning to remind myself at all times.
Since then, I have been reviewing my lessons every day. If I have unclear knowledge, I will consult materials or ask teachers and classmates. If I feel something, I will take a pen and mark it on the map or record the accumulation. But over time, my heart is a little impetuous again. It was an autumn night. I have finished my homework and am preparing to review what I learned during the day. At this time, the sound of friends laughing and slapping came from downstairs, and my playful heart suddenly became restless. I put down my textbook and rushed out of the door, but when I looked down, I accidentally saw the words "review the past and learn the new" written by myself in the textbook, and the feet I had just recovered. The idea of playing is like a weed in my heart: I haven't played for a long time and it won't have much influence on my study! On second thought: the most important thing in learning is persistence, and "learning new things by reviewing old ones" cannot be abandoned halfway. Only by developing good study habits can we learn new things by reviewing old ones. Thinking of this, I calmed down, went back to my desk and sat down, confidently picked up my textbook and buried myself in hard work.
Many things happen. In the second monthly exam, I got the first place in the whole grade, and my classmates gave me a thumbs up.
"Review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." I have benefited a lot. It not only helped me to develop good study habits, but also inspired me in my life.
First, dialogue. Confucius expressed his ideas by discussing with students. In the Analects of Confucius, we can always feel the power of dialogue to produce meaning. As mentioned above, Confucius and Zi Gong, as well as Xia Zi's comments on poetry, and the unexpected questions of the students inspired Confucius and made him excited. Zi Gong was an interrogator in The Analects of Confucius. The following records show that he got the wonderful idea of "reviewing the past and learning the new": You Ran said, "Where is Master Wei Jun?" Zi Gong said, "Promise. I will ask. " He went in and said, "Who is Boyi and who is Shu Qi?" Yue: "The ancient sages are also." Say, "Are you disgusted?" He said, "If you seek benevolence, why complain!" When he left, he said, "My Lord can't do it." (The Analects of Confucius) Second, learning and thinking. Learning has a wide range in The Analects. Being knowledgeable in writing is learning, asking questions about everything is learning, and doing it is also learning. Learning is a process of understanding and accumulating knowledge of traditional laws, regulations and customs, and it is a process of enriching people. Only by "learning" and mastering as many "principles" as possible can we have the basis for learning new things. Confucius said, "I don't eat every day and I don't sleep at night. It's no use thinking about it. It is better to learn. " (The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong) Learning is accumulation, while thinking is the way to "know the new". Ceng Zi said, "Visit the body three times a day" (The Analects of Confucius), and Confucius said, "See the sage Si Qi, but not the sage." ("The Analects of Confucius") shows that thinking is related to the specific time and space situation of the province and the individual. When individuals face new situations, they can only use existing experience and knowledge to ask real questions, which means creation and knowledge. Of course, learning and thinking can't be separated. In fact, any learning process contains thinking, and any thinking is the expansion of learning. Therefore, Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics") Third, metaphor. Confucius said, "If we can draw inferences from others, we can say that the side of benevolence already exists" (The Analects of Confucius, Yong Ye). Confucius himself was good at using metaphors. Metaphor is undoubtedly an explanation of past culture and present significance, which contains creation and knowledge. Looking through the Analects of Confucius, we find that metaphor is an important way for Confucius to speak. Because the image of the vehicle is intuitive and closely related to daily life, it is easy to understand and friendly. In the process of using metaphor, the speaker endows common sense with a sense of moral novelty, and the moral meaning has gained a new way of communication because of its combination with the vehicle. Confucius said, "Governing the country by virtue is like Beichen living in his place, and all the stars share it." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics" Zhong Gong said: "The tiller has his horns. Although he wants to use it, why come to the mountains and rivers? " Confucius said: "I don't want to be embarrassed, I am embarrassed!" Hey! " ("The Analects of Confucius Yongye")
From the above, it can be seen that "reviewing the past and learning the new" is certainly a method for Confucius to learn theory and an important condition for being a teacher, but this generalization of Confucius reflects the way of human understanding of the world more profoundly and has methodological significance. Confucius himself took the lead in consciously and successfully practicing this methodology. Analyzing this theoretical generalization of Confucius and his own practice, we find that Confucius has a profound understanding and respect for tradition, and shows great creative spirit on the basis of grasping the pulse of the times. It still seems to be full of vitality and has important enlightenment significance.
Note: Reviewing the past and learning the new should be a progressive relationship, not a parallel relationship.
"Reviewing the past and learning the new" is everyone's ability, which can be explained by the following broad understanding of the relationship between reviewing the past and learning the new. Knowing the new is an individual's use of existing experience when facing new time and space, new speech objects and new events. If a person wants to know new things in front of reality, he must make use of existing experience, that is, he must look back on the past; And any review is a review under the new situation. The change of time and space is inevitable, "the deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night" ("The Analects of Confucius? Zi Han), so it inevitably contains knowledge. In this sense, "reviewing the past and learning the new" is the truth summary of human understanding. However, different people know what is new and what is new, which is very different. This involves differences in individual conditions. The degree of learning new things by reviewing the past depends on personal conditions. First of all, people are different in talent and qualification. Confucius believes that "only the upper knowledge and the lower stupidity" ("The Analects of Confucius? Yang Huo ")," More people can also use language; People in the following, not in language "("the Analects of Confucius? Yong also "). Secondly, the more important factor is the acquired study. Confucius talked about this point repeatedly. He said that he is "a city with ten rooms, there must be faithful people, so it is better to learn from Qiu" (The Analects of Confucius? Gongye Chang ")," never tire of learning "("The Analects of Confucius? And ")," I am not born to know, good at the ancient, sensitive to also "("The Analects of Confucius? And "), he also praised Yan Hui studious. Zi Gong is answering Confucius' question, "Which is better?" He said, "How dare you turn back? I also know a thing or two. Confucius said, "What a blessing! I am as good as my daughter. " ("The Analects? Gongye Chang) The result of Yan Hui's eagerness to learn is that "you can tell ten things by one smell". There are also differences in value orientation in reviewing the past and learning the new, which is a more important dimension in Confucius' view. Confucius said: "A gentleman has virtue, while a villain loves earth;": The gentleman is pregnant with punishment, and the villain is pregnant with profit "("The Analects of Confucius? "Benevolence"), "Gentleman's righteousness, villain's benefit" ("The Analects of Confucius? Establish a person "). Different values have different understandings and actions: "A gentleman is superior and a villain gives orders" (The Analects of Confucius? "Xianwen") "A gentleman has three fears: fear of destiny, fear of adults, and fear of the words of saints. I don't know my fate, but I'm not afraid of it. I am insulting adults and saints. " ("The Analects? Ji) Fourth, what is the knowledge of the new-Confucius' practice of reviewing the old and learning the new Confucius said that "the virtue of nature is in practice" ("The Analects of Confucius? He is full of confidence in his moral ability, and at the same time, he "never tires of learning" and "forgets to eat in anger". Therefore, his life course is the greatest interpretation of "learning new things by reviewing old ones". Although Confucius said that "words are not deeds", in fact, he expounded his views and built his own ideological system by reviewing, inheriting and reinterpreting the past, which was a kind of overall transformation and creation. Some critics pointed out that the main difference between The Analects of Confucius and other ancient books is that by studying the changes of the meanings of some keywords in The Book of Changes, Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu before Confucius, it is found that the keywords in The Analects of Confucius belong to a complete and coherent ideological system. This system was founded by Confucius himself and was consistent, but before that, there was no such system. Due to the function of this system, many terms in The Analects of Confucius began to have universal and abstract philosophical significance. Its changes are mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, many words that were originally general vocabulary rose to the philosophical level, such as the word "knowledge" in The Book of Songs &; Time is the solution of verbs, but in The Analects of Confucius it has become the concept of assisting benevolence and righteousness. Other concepts, such as the word "zhong" in the Book of Songs, have the meanings of "appropriate" and "not extreme" in the Analects of Confucius, which, combined with "use", has become a methodology that is unchangeable by Confucianism and embodied in daily life. Secondly, some words in The Analects are not very original, but if we consider them in the overall meaning of The Analects, we will find that they have also been reformed by Confucius and have a very important and unique position. For example, the word "time" has no new explanation in the Analects of Confucius. But when it is linked with the golden mean, it has a very unique meaning, that is, the formation of the concept of "time". Confucius's "being in the middle of time" not only gives "time" a moral direction, but also makes the gentleman's words and deeds just right. This is the so-called "no hesitation, handy". Therefore, Confucius said: "The gentleman is also moderate, and the gentleman is in the middle; The meanness of the villain is also the jealousy of the villain. " Thirdly, the change of ideological system leads to the change of ideological core. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou and Zhao emphasized and respected morality, which objectively contributed to the close relationship between destiny and personnel, but their subjective desire was to safeguard clan interests, and personal moral realm was not the goal of respecting morality. Confucius praised "self-denial and self-respect" and "benevolent people love others", with the goal of realizing the world of Tao, but its interests no longer belong to a certain clan group; More importantly, although Confucius didn't call himself a benevolent, what he tried to pursue was the continuous improvement of the moral and spiritual world, which was one of the most creative ideological changes in The Analects.