First of all, science originated from the natural philosophy of ancient Greece, especially the branch of Pythagoras and Plato. By Aristotle's time, he was already a master.
It took him about 700 years to finally put forward the geocentric theory based on the geocentric theory of his brother and Ptolemy. (From Thales about 624 BC-547 BC or 546 BC to Ptolemy 90 AD-A.D. 168)
Since Ptolemy, natural philosophy has almost stagnated, and even the whole of Western Europe did not know that people living in this land had such a splendid culture. The successors are Arabs, but their contribution is very limited. In fact, it was about 1400 years after Ptolemy put forward geocentric theory that people in western Europe realized that the culture of ancient Greece and Rome was so prosperous. At the same time, Copernicus put forward his own Heliocentrism, which started the Copernican revolution.
It has been used for more than 200 years (from Copernicus/KOOC-0/February 473/KOOC-0/9-/KOOC-0/May 24, 543 to Newton/KOOC-0/643/October 4-/KOOC-0/727).
As we approached, physics became everything in the hands of mathematicians. He began to deepen Newtonian mechanics, carry it forward, and even predicted the existence of planets. During this period, physics almost stagnated until Maxwell put forward Maxwell's equation (Maxwell1831June13-087911October 5). The contradiction between Maxwell and Newtonian mechanics finally gave birth to relativity and quantum mechanics.
The golden age of quantum mechanics gradually faded after 1930, and then the standard model of particle physics began to develop violently, probably from 1950s to 1970s.
In this short period of about 20 years, scientists agree that among the four major forces, strong interaction force, weak interaction force and electromagnetic force. They tried to include gravity, but failed.
Almost at the same time, scientists developed a string theory which is expected to inherit the unified theory. However, due to the limitation of observation instruments, we have no way to verify the correctness of string theory.
The standard model from relativity and quantum mechanics to particle physics and string theory is only about 100 years, which is very, very fast compared with the development before science. That's not all. This is just theoretical physics. In fact, astrophysics, the Big Bang theory and the inflation theory developed rapidly in the 20th century, and the development of cosmic microwave background radiation, gravitational waves, black holes, dark matter and dark energy were enough to go down in history. Great progress has been made in science and technology, triode, laser, chip and communication. So in the 20th century, or nearly a hundred years, in fact, the speed of scientific development is not slow, it should be said that it is particularly fast.
Restrictions on scientific development
The reason why theoretical physics makes people feel slow is probably that many people are looking forward to the achievements of relativity and quantum mechanics, Newton mechanics and Maxwell equations. However, what we need to know is whether we can develop a new theoretical physics theory, not because of human intelligence, but more importantly, observation instruments.
New theories come from new mistakes.
Why do you say that? Newton's law was first put forward by Newton. In fact, Newton explained the macroscopic low-speed world that can be observed with the naked eye or with a low-power telescope. In this world, the theory and reality of Newtonian mechanics fit perfectly. Then physics seems to have stagnated. This is actually because the observation level is limited, and it is difficult for human beings to see atomic phenomena or large-scale phenomena (high gravity and fast speed). It's normal that they can't put forward a theory without seeing the phenomenon. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the observation level was too high, which led scientists to put forward two theories. General relativity is consistent with reality on a large scale, and quantum mechanics is consistent with reality on a subatomic scale. It's just that Newtonian mechanics shows its shortcomings on smaller and smaller scales, and the error becomes particularly large.
So the new theory actually comes from more accurate observation and from the error after observation. Without the upgrading of observation technology, Einstein could not have put forward the theory of relativity even if he lived in ancient Greece and Rome.
Therefore, the future theory will actually appear on a larger scale than the application of relativity and on a much smaller scale than the atomic level. But at present, we actually don't have the equipment to observe larger and smaller scales. So theoretical physics can't develop.
This is why countries are scrambling to study gravitational waves, dark matter, dark energy and black holes, which are all blind spots of relativity. If relevant physical phenomena can be obtained, theoretical physics may make great progress.
Our country has invested hundreds of billions in these four fields, and the Wukong detector some time ago is the detector of dark matter. The string theory has always been the reason for the hypothesis, and it is here because its scale is far smaller than the error of our most accurate observation equipment. How do you think this verifies this theory?
Therefore, the development of theoretical physics should be slower and slower, because the improvement of observation technology is slower and slower. But the opposite is true. In fact, the development of science is accelerated when it is carefully set, which actually shows that modern people attach great importance to scientific development.
Finally, again, the development of theoretical physics is not limited by human intelligence, but by observation technology.
The recent development of physics is not as fast as the Great Revolution of Physics in the early 20th century. At that time, the great revolution of relativity and quantum mechanics suddenly appeared, bringing atomic bombs and nuclear energy, semiconductors and lasers, spectral instruments and large accelerators. However, the original golden age can't be reproduced now, and physics has entered a lost era. A famous physicist, Lismoline, wrote a book called The End of Physics, which also roughly reflected this loss. The development of physics has reached a bottleneck. Originally, everyone hoped that superstring theory would bring a new breakthrough to physics, but later, people increasingly felt that superstring was like a mathematical theory and could not give physical predictions that could be verified, so physicists felt a little gloomy.
Looking at the recent physics news, we can also feel some gloomy clouds.
For example, the Wukong satellite of the Chinese Academy of Sciences detected an abnormal electronic signal, but although everyone hoped that it was a dark matter particle, everyone thought it was impossible, because AMS in the United States did not detect it, and the underground experiment of the Panda Project did not detect it. It is estimated that Wukong is also difficult to detect, so a great hope may be dashed.
For another example, the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences actively advocates the construction of a giant collider. This project is also a disaster. Not only non-physical scientists are opposed to this project, but even the physical community has voices of opposition. Many people strongly oppose this project because it has nothing to do with interests, rather than thinking from the height of national justice. In particular, many condensed matter physicists think that high-energy physics should not spend so much money. In fact, I silently oppose this project. In fact, many superconducting magnets will be used in the construction of large accelerators, which will also promote the development of condensed matter physics. However, due to the lack of joint efforts of Qixin, the giant collider was not supported in the last five years, and China's physical development also missed a strategic opportunity.
To answer this question, we must first understand what physics is.
To put it bluntly, the study of natural phenomena in the history of physics is a general law based on natural phenomena and theoretical physics.
Practical physics is to use the universal laws that are still being summarized to deduce things that are unlikely to be automatically generated in the natural state, such as computers and artificial intelligence.
So the bottleneck of physics essentially depends on people's understanding of natural phenomena.
There are two possible reasons why physics will never progress.
The first possibility: nature is a phenomenon that can be buckled and referenced, and physics can only sum up general laws for these only phenomena.
In the horizontal direction, there is no other phenomenon except sound, light, heat, electricity and force.
Vertically, there are no more possible natural phenomena except micro-world, macro-world and high-speed world.
Only a few natural phenomena are the fundamental reasons that hinder the progress of physics.
The second possibility: there may be countless forms of natural phenomena, but the limitations of human understanding have led to isolation from more natural phenomena.
The possible reason lies in the limitations of human senses.
For example, we often say dark matter. In recent decades, people believe in the existence of dark matter because it is insulated from the senses.
We can only know the world through sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
With the upgrading of science and technology, electromagnetic waves that did not belong to visible light have become visual expansion.
However, dark matter cannot be directly or indirectly felt by the five senses. We can only infer the existence of this "possible natural phenomenon" through the only theory.
Therefore, the progress of physics depends on the original number of natural phenomena and the natural number that human beings can directly or indirectly feel.
As far as physics in 2 1 century is concerned, although the description of the micro and macro world has been completed, theory of everything has not finished it yet.
Dark matter and dark energy are also in the blank field, and positive and negative particles have not yet had a reliable explanation for asymmetry.
Any breakthrough in these problems is a major progress in physics.
But whether there is a bottleneck in physics in the future is still a debatable question, which still depends on the two factors I mentioned earlier.
To be precise, the basic science in physics seems to have been stagnant for a long time. Relativity and quantum theory, which were born in two dark clouds at the beginning of the 20th century, have a history of one hundred years. Has the development of physics really hit a bottleneck?
Scientific development needs the accumulation of time.
Scientific breakthrough is also a process of qualitative change caused by quantitative change. Throughout the history of human science, it took thousands of years from Aristotle to Galileo to Newton, and nearly two centuries from Newton to Einstein to gain a new understanding of time and space.
"If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." Similarly, every scientific breakthrough can be regarded as being achieved on the basis of predecessors, and this scientific foundation needs time to accumulate. Only when a large number of problems are found in scientific exploration can we find the reasons and analyze the laws from these problems. Experiments have proved that this is a long process.
From Aristotle to Newton, it took 2000 years for human beings to understand the principles of mechanics. From Newton to Einstein, human beings have realized the essence of time and space in 200 years, which has made rapid progress. The theory of relativity is only about a hundred years old, which is different from the two small dark clouds a hundred years ago. Now the sky of science can be said to be overcast. With the deepening of human scientific exploration, from the universe of billions of light-years to the unimaginable micro-world, there are ubiquitous questions, dark matter and quantum entanglement.
The drooping fruit has been collected.
The drooping fruit has been collected and the hanging fruit is too high. This can be seen from the completion time of doctoral study over the years. Take China as an example, it took an average of 3.54 years to study for a doctorate before 20 10, and now it takes about 5 years on average, and this time is still increasing.
In the last century, a powerful physicist was often proficient in mathematics and physics, but today, the total amount of knowledge is so great that no one can learn all the physical knowledge, so there are more and more branches of physics, such as mechanics, high-energy physics, quantum mechanics and so on. As far as the total amount of knowledge is concerned, it is estimated that there will be no generalist in physics.
There are more and more scientific classifications, but we know that the world is the result of the interaction of physical laws. Therefore, in the new era, it is no longer appropriate to rely on single-handedly in scientific research. If you want to pick fruit from a height, you often need teamwork.
Scientific theory and experimental verification
Every scientific law has gone through the process from finding problems to finding laws to experimental verification, so science is actually a combination of theory and experiment, walking on two legs, but now, the experimental leg is a little behind the rhythm. The black hole theory was put forward in 1975. We didn't really observe the evidence of its existence until this year, but we couldn't provide experimental proof for Hawking radiation phenomenon of black holes, so Hawking didn't win the Nobel Prize until his death.
Taking The Theory of Everything's powerful candidate string theory as an example, it is almost impossible to directly verify multi-dimensional space-time and material microstructure at the current experimental level. Gravitational wave observation and black hole photos in recent years are actually tests of relativity. Only by fully proving the correctness of the theory of relativity can we take the theory of relativity as the cornerstone, move towards a higher scientific level and reap higher scientific achievements.
abstract
Throughout the nearly two thousand years of scientific development, human understanding of the laws of the universe has actually been accelerating. From Aristotle to Newton, it took thousands of years for human beings to understand the laws of force and motion. From Newton to Einstein, it took only 200 years for human beings to understand the secrets of time and space. The publication of the theory of relativity is only about a hundred years, but now the physics sky can be said to be overcast, and dark matter, quantum entanglement, black holes, string theory and so on are all waiting for scientific verification. From this perspective,
After reading "Three-body", students are always brainwashed by Liu. What physics has not advanced for decades, what basic theory has stood still for 50 years, and so on. I feel that human technology has been locked by Naoko, and aliens will invade tomorrow, and then I will panic.
Progress in physics
Furthermore, human's understanding of nature and the development of science initially depend on direct sensory cognition and the accumulation of objective experience.
Why until today, there are still so many students who question Einstein's theory of relativity and like to cross-reflect with two flashlights, which is beyond the speed of light. Not only because students can't get rid of it, but also from life experience to understand and summarize; However, fundamentally speaking, relativity is not a theory that can be directly known through objective experience or from real life. Simply put, it must go beyond your general imagination to truly understand things. Unfortunately, the two theoretical foundations of modern science, relativity and quantum mechanics, are so much, and they are very divorced from the mass base.
So it is not the development of physics that has reached the bottleneck, but the general people who eat melons have realized the bottleneck of science. Moreover, this bottleneck needs to be greatly improved in the level of general education to be overcome. In modern society, with the refinement of division of labor and the improvement of national welfare, the general public can survive as long as they master specific skills. Therefore, it is normal that cutting-edge science is not understood by the general public.
boundary science
As "the monk in the primary school in Laoheshanxia" once said, the so-called cutting-edge technology means small-scale particles, large-scale astronomy, virtual space-time and real-scale life.
In detail, these things are all about mathematics in the final analysis. How many students are interested and patient to listen, let alone understand?
For example, in order to match the unity of gravity and strength, weak force and electromagnetic force, physicists put forward superstring theory. This theory assumes that quarks and leptons, which we thought were particles before, are actually energy strings vibrating in 1 1 dimension, including three known dimensions, plus one-dimensional time and seven other dimensions. This string is so small that it can be regarded as a point particle. By introducing extra dimensions, superstring theory enables scientists to combine the quantum law and the law of gravity relatively harmoniously, and complete the great unity in the physics dream.
String theory further produced the so-called M theory. Theory N takes the so-called "membrane" as the soul to explain its material world. It explains the creation of the universe in this way: the Big Bang started with a pair of flat and empty membranes; They are parallel to each other in a curled 5-dimensional space, and two thin films form the wall of the 5-dimensional space, which is likely to be produced as quantum fluctuations in the more distant past. ——WTF？ Of course, make students stupid! Of course, this is not the fault of theory, because it is a bit reluctant to lead physicists to literal mathematical models, especially pure mathematical concepts.
After all, you don't have a deep mathematical foundation to understand these; They also don't have the concise and lively expression ability of popular science words. Just throw a formula out, you and I can't stand it. Let's be considerate of each other.
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It is an indisputable fact that since Newton, especially after the invention of electricity, the development of human society has advanced by leaps and bounds! But the electricity now is not what it was 50 years ago. Can you say that human beings are locked up for using electricity?
Be patient, or just enjoy it. After all, the purpose of science is to make human life easier, that's all.
This is a very sharp and serious question!
Let's look at the birth chronology of 10 great physicists who have made the greatest contribution to the world, and we can find out what the problem is.
Galileo was born in 1564, Newton in 1643, Henry in 173 1 year, Faradi in 179 1 year, and Maxwell in1year. Bohr was born in 1885, Dirac was born in 1902, and Feynman was born in 19 18 (the top ten famous physicists in the world were born in1564-19/kloc-).
This is not in line with the laws of nature. It was born in the bottleneck period of physics and entered an unbalanced state.
The most definite time of this bottleneck was 19 14 when the first world war broke out. After this war, it brought the industrial revolution and scientific and technological strength. After World War II, science and technology developed faster.
It is these realities that lead to the dilution of science, philosophy and physics, and mankind gradually forgets the importance of physics, philosophy and science to human development?
The development of physics should attract the attention of the United Nations and mankind!
I believe that the future development of world physics needs China, who can represent oriental philosophy, to set off a wave of physical research, scientific research, philosophical research and sociological research; I predict that China will be a great physicist for the future development of mankind.
There is still a lot of room for improvement in empirical physics, and theoretical physics has been limited by bottlenecks. Unless the mathematical fitting method is changed or the theoretical model of changing direction appears, it is difficult to make a breakthrough.
Starting from the theory of relativity, quantum theory, electromagnetic conversion theory and basic particle model, the overall situation of physics has almost been decided. Most of them use indirect fitting method for mathematical fitting.
Many theories or theoretical hypotheses are in a state of waiting to be verified or even unable to be verified. For example, the internal verification of black holes or gray holes derived from relativity. Wormholes, white holes, dark matter, dark energy, parallel space, the vicinity of total space-time singularity, total space-time dispersion zone, string theory, membrane theory, multidimensional limit verification and so on. Some theoretical hypotheses, such as string theory, cannot even be verified.
This has led to some theoretical and practical problems.
The verification part of the theory of relativity has achieved great success, but at the extreme of theoretical inference, it is now faced with problems that cannot be observed and verified. In the unverified area, some people take it for granted that the theory of relativity still holds, which is not in line with physics. The first 500 million light-years calculated by the Big Bang theory is obviously impossible to observe and verify now, but the Big Bang hypothesis has theoretical differences in this place. The author also thinks that the total black hole still exists and does not need the physical variable of dark matter, and releases the total spatio-temporal geometric model of the double-arm compact spiral. In this distant space-time material dispersion area, the temperature of elementary particles is close to absolute zero, so Einstein condensed state will appear, and the freezing speed of elementary particles will even be zero. Einstein knew this state, that is to say, he knew that relativity was not universally applicable. At least there is something wrong with this place.
In addition, black holes and gray holes are indirectly confirmed, but wormholes and white holes are still mathematical models. As for parallel space, it is mathematical logic.
When the four-dimensional space-time theory of relativity came into being, there was no concept of fractional dimension. In order to distinguish straight three-dimensional and increase its curvature, Einstein named four-dimensional space-time, but this led to ambiguity.
Curvature method of four-dimensional space-time is based on the theory that fractal dimension is larger than integer and three-dimensional is smaller than four-dimensional. Can't understand four-dimensional space. The practical significance of four-dimensional space-time is a complex three-dimensional space with curvature. Our space observation limit has never jumped out of the dimension of 3.9(9 cycles).
Mathematically speaking, facing 4.0 dimensions, the four-dimensional space-time of relativity deviates inward from 4.0 dimensions to 3 dimensions, while the four-dimensional space deviates outward from 4.0 dimensions.
The black hole approaches 4.0 dimension from 3 outward, the wormhole equals 4.0 dimension, and the white hole approaches 4.0 dimension inward. The verification problem inside the black hole has not been solved. Wormholes and white holes can only be used as math games for the time being. As for four dimensions, there is a mathematical problem of indirect fitting.
The West does not distinguish between mathematics and mathematics, which is different from China's materialism. Mathematics and physics, in particular, proved the existence and omnipotence of God hundreds of years ago. It took nearly a hundred years to break away from religion.
Wormholes can interpret taiji fish's eyes as fish's tails; White holes are fisheye. String theory can be used to explain China's ancient poems. This matter has already been said.
For indirect fitting mathematical method, the most successful example is acoustic wave. The method of sound wave is very consistent with the physical result of sound, but it has no essence of sound wave. The physical properties of sound must be explained separately, not by the movement of sound waves. Although, if you think so, you can get the correct indirect fitting conclusion through this fitting. Acoustic phonons have no materiality, while sound waves have.
This is one of the key problems in the interpretation of indirect fitting mathematics.
Newton's direct fitting method, based on three-dimensional integer dimension, has some errors in the reality of fractional dimension.
Compared with indirect fitting, it is close to fitting.
These are two mathematical fitting methods for fitting themes. Does the space-time curve exist? Immaterial existence. It is a fitting feature of gravitational curvature in a three-dimensional relative motion system. It is the result of directly fitting gravity, which is matter. Now the west obviously regards the gravitational field as a material existence. Gravitational field and curved surface space are only indirect fitting of gravitational effect. Like acoustic phonons, the calculation result is correct, but it doesn't actually exist. Looking for gravitons, first look for acoustic phonons. It's simple. Error of indirect fitting theoretical direction.
In addition, direct fitting needs Cartesian coordinate system to be accurate. The space-time part confirmed by relativity is obviously a three-point fractal dimension, which is a chaotic system. The smallest error in initial measurement will lead to the sharp amplification of subsequent errors and lose the significance of data interpretation. Then, the further the spatiotemporal chaotic system is fitted with simple linear, the greater the problem. For the time being, there is not much problem within1000 billion light years, but beyond this range, there must be mathematical problems.
In the past, taking chaotic coordinate system as Cartesian coordinate system led to the error problem of Newton's theory. Now with the concepts of fractal dimension and chaotic fractal system, the most basic mathematical problems still exist in mathematical fitting.
The units and mathematical properties of each coordinate axis of the coordinate system are unified in Cartesian mathematical coordinate system, but they are not unified, which is probably chaotic coordinate system. Time is a special element, not necessarily.
The author is just a math enthusiast, not a physicist, and sees these math problems. The most beautiful Euler equation denies the unity of algebraic geometry with transcendental numbers. Waves that are also developing in the direction of circulation and iteration now need physical unity. How to unify physics without mathematical support?
Physics is a big bottleneck. Developing empirical physics is good for China. Theoretical physics, they will change in the future, but in any case, they can't prove the part that can't be falsified. The hypothesis will continue until it is confirmed. However, there is something wrong with mathematics, that is, math games, not physics. Mathematics and mathematics are two different things. Based on the fact that points have no geometric shapes, waves can replace round chords, thus unifying algebraic geometry in Cartesian coordinate system. But based on this assumption, it is proved that a point has five geometric shapes. Find math problems by yourself.
A good classical definition of time is confused by physics. Time is an indirect fitting method, which records the serial number of a process, not the substance. As long as you can't rejuvenate, time will never go back.
You know that three-dimensional space is a mathematical hypothesis, so four-dimensional space-time is a little more complicated, and curved three-dimensional space is not a mathematical hypothesis? Is it important? An interpretation that BIGBANG blew up a space-time and Pangu's creation belong to the same nature. Superluminal expansion of time and space? The large collider has not installed the elementary particles of superluminal light. The three-dimensional space bends a little, and the coordinate axis is infinitely long. With expansion, it is also faster than light. Is this physics?
If you don't change your direction, you can't get through the bottleneck of physics!
In fact, the bottleneck period is also an opportunity period.
Since quantum theory, the development of physics has been based on linear applied research. While achieving great success, it also limits human imagination. Because physicists don't have to risk failure to do groundbreaking research, they can stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reap success. But now that the good days have passed, physical theory has reached the key point where a fundamental breakthrough must be made. No one knows the direction, and there is no shoulder for predecessors to step on. Therefore, only by doing a lot of directional verification in obscurity can we stand out and open up a new world of physics.
Let's look forward to whether the scholars who lead mankind to break the shackles this time are China people or foreign Chinese.
Physics has always been a genius-driven discipline, and it is impossible to travel thousands of miles in a day, and it is impossible to engage in crowd tactics. Can only wait for genius arrival.
The development of science is endless.