Although Zhang Taiyan's historiography is called nationalist historiography, it is well-founded, but it still needs in-depth analysis, and we can't just generalize his words and comments. Too inflammatory nationalism, the most obvious performance is anti-Manchu, but anti-Manchu can not take over his nationalism. It was not until Eight-Nation Alliance invaded that the Manchu government was unable to resist imperialism that the Manchu began. After the success of the Revolution of 1911, he advocated harmony among the five ethnic groups. In his later years, he fought against the Red Army and Japan successively, all in order to oppose foreign aggression, so his nationalism was rooted in anti-imperialism. However, from Gengzi to Xinhai, he believed that it was not enough to revitalize China and resist imperialism, so he strongly opposed Manchu, Manchu and Manchu insufficiency, such as saying that "Manchu violently invaded the Han Dynasty, harmed the people and stole political power" and that Manchu was "a dog and a sheep, and father and son had no distinction", and became the sharpest anti-Manchu propagandist in the revolutionary camp. He used his knowledge of history, which made him a successful and effective propagandist, whether it was anti-Manchu propaganda or anti-Japanese propaganda. He compared nationalism to a wall of crops, which must be irrigated with historical knowledge; Otherwise, "I only know the value of ism, but I don't know the loveliness of the nation, so I'm afraid it will fade away." The effect of applying history to practice is to achieve political or patriotic goals, not academic. In fact, Taiyan deleted many early political words in her later years, knowing that she had no eternal value. Therefore, his nationalist propaganda cannot be regarded as the main content of his nationalist history.

Zhang's nationalist historiography, like Liang Qichao's new historiography, is the product of the impact of western learning spreading eastward. With the invasion of western imperialism, Daimon Masaru, the Chinese empire, was forced to accept the modern state system. Liang Qichao advocated civil history, and his so-called country was not the old imperial court, but a modern country. Zhang Taiyan also has the concept of a modern country. He is interested in writing a general history of China, that is, replacing the old history with modern national history, just like German historians write German history or British historians write British history. /kloc-The nationalism historiography of European countries in the 0/9th century used to pay great attention to the superiority of caste and national glory, which contributed to the national morale. For example, the Prussian school actually contributed to the reunification of Germany and even laid the groundwork for the expansionism of German militarism in the later period. The situation in China is different. Nationalism aims at self-defense. Zhang Taiyan insists that history is the source of patriotism, so he compares history to a country's account book, which records industry, so how can China people not know it? It can also be compared with playing chess. Only when the old spectrum is familiar and the new bureau is created by itself can we learn from the past and help the ancient to prove the present. But non-historical knowledge is not enough to know the foundation of the country, the loveliness of the country, and the ins and outs of the national movement. In his later years, he invaded China with deep feelings. For example, he said: "I don't know that Liaodong declared land as Han county, so the northeast is a unique territory;" I don't know the power of the Han Dynasty. Beiping County leads the county, mostly in Jehol, and the Jehol is the Great Wall. " It shows that he doesn't read history, and he doesn't even know that he lost his country, and he doesn't cherish losing thousands of miles. That's what he meant when he linked reading history with patriotism. The times that Zhang Taiyan faced inevitably made him a nationalist historian.

Look at Zhang Taiyan. He seems to be a chauvinist racist. In fact, in his mind, nationalism is not based on the narrow theory of consanguinity at all, and the Chinese nation is by no means equal to the Han nationality, because he clearly pointed out that the word "China" is neither the name of a region nor the name of a lineage, "it is the name of a culture", that is to say, the Chinese nation is forged by history, and long-term historical experience has assimilated different races. However, in this case, Manchuria agreed with China, why opposed Manchuria? This is the contradiction between his anti-Manchu propaganda and historical thinking, but this contradiction is not inseparable in his mind; The solution comes from the western concept of sovereignty, that is, sovereignty should belong to the majority, and most Han people can only accept Manchu after recovering sovereignty. On the land, he also considered it from the perspective of culture rather than race, so he thought that North Korea and Viet Nam were the same as China in culture and should be part of China, while Tibet, Mongolia and Uighur were not their homeland. But in reality, Korea has been annexed by Japan, and Vietnam is still a French colony, which is hard to change. san huang House is not its own, but it is easier to absorb people's territory. The most urgent reason for accepting people's territory is that Britain and Russia are spying on them, "using the gap to spy on the border and lure them to belong to other countries." Judging from his culture-oriented concept of nation-state, "Han people organize a nation-state with equality, freedom and enjoyment" is not bad, but surrounded by great powers. If all ethnic groups in China split, Russia will immediately enter Mongolia, Britain will hide, France will definitely enter Yunnan and Guangdong, and the land of the Han people will be gone. It can be seen that his nationalism is by no means rooted in narrow racism or fanatical expansionism, but rational and realistic thinking and worries about imperialist aggression. It can be said that historians reflect the times, and it can also be said that it is a more defensive nationalism.

However, nationalism is a strong emotion after all, and historians value fairness and tranquility and do not fall into the trap of emotion and prejudice. It seems that there are still contradictions between them. The so-called nationalist historian is often a compliment to nationalism; But in historiography, it is often derogatory. Therefore, by historical standards, the quality of a nationalist historian depends on its impartiality and objectivity. As far as Zhang Taiyan is concerned, as far as political history is concerned, especially in the Qing Dynasty, his nationalist sentiment is strong, which is somewhat influenced by anti-Qing political theory. For example, Kang, Yong and Gan san huang in the prosperous period of Qing Dynasty, encouraged by his anti-Qing thoughts, strongly challenged the image of sage and sage. He thinks that although Kangxi is not immoral, he is by no means the king of benevolent government, and he is an imperial clan of the Ming Dynasty, which is very heartless. Although Yongzheng was capable, he was particularly sinister and vicious, using neo-Confucianism and abusing kindness and punishment; Although Qianlong was wily, he compiled four banned books. These negative comments are not completely untrue, which can balance the comments that are too positive and close to eulogizing, or make contributions to the history of faith. Acton, a British historian, once said that "great men are almost all bad men", but he looked at great men in a negative way, or closer to the truth. As for Emperor Xianfeng, he is arrogant and ruthless, one-sided, at least the evidence is insufficient; He also said that if Xianfeng did not collapse early, Zeng, Zuo and other heroes would not have a good end, which was all speculation; Scolding Guangxu's famous saying: "Zai Tian is a boor and can't tell pepper from wheat" is all personal attacks.

Zhu Yigui of Taiwan Province Province, Lin Qing of Shandong Province, Wang Sanhuai of Sichuan Province, Hong Xiuquan of Guangxi Province and Zhang Lexing of Henan Province were all regarded by Zhang Taiyan as anti-Qing teachers. They thought that their uprising was not because of hunger and cold, nor to realize their imperial ambitions, but to eliminate the ruling class of the Manchu Dynasty like wolves and oppose it. As the cause of all rebellions, it is obviously an anti-Qing country. However, in order to explain that Zhu Yigui's rebellion is related to the anti-Qing dynasty and the restoration of sight, it is unnecessary to say that Zhu is a descendant and intervene by force, which is suspected of fabricating facts. That is the taboo of historiography, in fact, it is the most concrete example of the history in which nationalism is strong and trust is unconsciously hurt.

Zhang Taiyan's explanation of general historical figures also revealed his anti-Qing nationalist consciousness. For example, Zeng Guofan, as a pawn of the Qing Dynasty, suppressed the anti-Qing Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, regarded it as a thief, greedy for fame and fortune, hypocritical and fickle Neo-Confucianism, and found that China Marxist historians regarded Frant Gwo as a traitor, but it was based on different ideologies; Zhang judged from racial consciousness, while Ma judged from class consciousness. However, Zhang said: "Zeng Guofan and Zuo both started from guarding, but they did not dare to praise the Qing Dynasty." It is inevitable that there is no easy distinction between protecting hometown and praising Qing. As for going further, I tried to take this opportunity to replace the Manchu regime, but I couldn't help being overwhelmed by my own strength, forcing the ancients to obey me. However, Zhang also has his own food. For example, "On Money (Animal Husbandry)" pointed out that Qian Ceng responded to the voyage to the Western Ocean, and later injured the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui, and compiled it as "Pen Collection". "Its midsummer sorrow is not without sorrow, but with the pepper of dogs and sheep", which can expose the hidden feelings. In the future, historian Chen Yin.

It is only a part of Zhang's nationalism, which is temporary and not even the most fundamental part. His nationalism is mainly aimed at western imperialism. Manchuria was not driven out and the people were not welcome. In the end, he could not be independent and eventually became a slave in Europe and America. At the same time, the priorities are very clear. He even made it clear that "nationalism belongs not only to the Han nationality, but also to Vietnam, India, Myanmar and Malaysia", that is, modern "anti-imperialist" nationalism. Imperialism comes from the west, followed by western culture, which is not easy to distinguish, so Zhang Chang is often regarded as a cultural nationalist who opposes western culture. In fact, he does not oppose western culture, but does not think that western culture is a universal world culture. Under the challenge of western culture, his conclusion is cultural pluralism, that is to say, culture is not only the product of historical experience and geographical environment, but also special, that is, it is called "heterogeneous" rather than universal, that is, it is called "universal" by Taiyan. Knowing the total phase is inherently helpful to understand other phases; However, the general stage shall not be used to cover other stages. All kinds of special cultures should be preserved and respected; If you want to assimilate a certain culture into other cultures, it becomes cultural imperialism. Taiyan's view of cultural pluralism is the product of the impact of western culture, which is quite similar to Japan's church state society and Russia's pro-Slavic ideology.

The multicultural view made Zhang Taiyan pay more attention to history, taking history, language and customs as the three elements of national character, as the source of patriotism, and linking the survival of history with the survival of the country and culture. As the old saying goes, the country can die, but history can't, which means that dynasties rise and fall and history is endless; However, China in Taiyan's mind is an eternal cultural China. Under the impact of western culture, to maintain its eternity, we must maintain and understand its special history. As the saying goes, "if you don't read history books, you don't love your country." In her later years, Tae-yeon witnessed Japan's invasion of China and the destruction of her country. He called for the importance of history more strongly and benefited from the weight of history in his nationalism. Of course, his historiography is quite nationalist, and his nationalism is also rooted in historiography.