Comparison between ancient Chinese Confucianism and ancient Greek and Roman humanistic spirit. The similarities (1) both focus on people and human society. The thoughts of ancient Greek philosophers were full of the spirit of humanism, emphasizing human dignity and value. But humanistic thought is not unique to the West. Confucius advocates that benevolent people love others, Mencius's "human nature is good", Xunzi's "human nature is evil", Dong Zhongshu's "three cardinal principles and five constant principles" and "the connection between heaven and man", etc., all of which do not care about human society. (2) They all regard morality as the basis of politics and believe that correcting morality is the foundation for revitalizing the country and saving the country. Confucius regarded the root cause of "the collapse of rituals and music" as people's moral decline. Therefore, the core of Confucianism is the theory of "benevolence" and "propriety". "Restraining oneself and restoring propriety" is also "benevolence". "Benevolence" has extremely rich connotations, but its core content is "loving others", starting from loving parents and brothers to "general love for everyone." Confucius established the basis for restoring ideal politics on personal moral psychology, and transformed the mandatory constraints of external norms into the inner conscious requirements of the human heart, thereby integrating ethical norms and psychological desires. The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates believed that in order to manage city-state politics well, we must improve people's souls, cultivate good citizens, teach people with virtues, and govern people with virtues. Differences (1) The focus on human attributes is different. Confucianism emphasizes "social" people, while ancient Greek thinkers particularly emphasized "individual" people. Confucianism believes that everyone should fulfill his or her responsibilities and roles in society and family, promotes ethical values, and emphasizes everyone's position in social and ethical relationships. Protagoras, who was one of the Greek Sophists, believed that "man is the measure of all things" and emphasized individual subjective feelings. Their comments and speculations were often entirely based on personal perspectives and interests. Deny authority and dare to innovate. (2) Different perspectives in dealing with the relationship between individuals and society. Confucianism emphasizes the hierarchical order of society, and ancient Greek philosophers emphasize the equality of people. Confucianism attaches great importance to ethical principles. In the eyes of Confucians, the "Three Cardinal Principles and Five Constant Principles" are natural and eternal laws of nature. Confucius' pursuit of a society of ritual and music is actually an attempt to maintain the hierarchical order of superiority and inferiority under the monarchy's rule system. This played an important role in maintaining the authoritarian political system. The radicals among the Sophists in ancient Greece opposed the obvious class distinctions and inequalities that existed in the city-state, and demanded the realization of equality in education, property, and race for everyone in the city-state. The Stoics believed that everyone is born rational and equal. For the first time in human history, they demonstrated the core theories of Western humanism of natural human rights, freedom and equality, and laid the foundation for the emergence of modern Western democratic politics. Base. (3) The research attitudes of natural sciences are different. Confucianism emphasizes the unity of man and nature, and emphasizes the unity of nature and man. However, in the study of man and nature, Confucianism focuses on social and humanistic issues as the subject of research, and ignores the exploration of natural sciences. Ancient Greek thinkers used different methods to explore nature and humans. Therefore, their humanistic spirit was full of rationality and passion. Reason is the power to understand the world, invent technology, and explore the natural mysteries of the universe; passion is the pursuit of romance and happiness. , the motivation to appreciate beauty. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was concerned about nature and human life. The scientific thinking method of seeking truth from facts in the study of nature embodies the humanistic spirit of mankind's continuous pursuit of truth and understanding of the unknown.