The new trend of the development of western modern art in the 20th century, the period when modernism dominated the western art in the 20th century, its prominent feature was anti-tradition, showing a rebellious attitude from form to content. In terms of techniques, most of them are anti-traditional realism, pursuing novelty, disordered spatial structure, random color configuration, disordered dotted lines and lack of perspective; On the theme of creation, everyone advocates emphasizing self and expressing personal feelings and inner world. The main reasons for this trend are: first, the influence of science and technology. The development of modern science and technology has changed the face of human social life and people's aesthetic taste. The invention of photography and film had the greatest influence on painting. These two new technologies make it possible to accurately record objective images by mechanical means. In this sense, what traditional painting techniques accomplish is only the light reflection reaction of the camera to the surface of things. Painters can no longer resonate with the audience by describing the surface shape of things, they can only impress people by expressing things in the spiritual field. The second is the influence of modern philosophy. The modernist philosophy that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century provided a premise for human beings to further understand the activities in the spiritual field. In particular, Freud's psychoanalysis and Bergson's concept of "psychological time" in France provide powerful ideological weapons for artists to engage in creation. They gradually changed from "extroverted art" to "introvert art" which described the objective world, and the social function of art also changed from social and educational function to "pan-utilitarianism" to meet the universal spiritual needs of mankind. Third, the influence of ancient art heritage and oriental culture. Since modern times, archaeologists have discovered some works of primitive indigenous culture on various continents. These simple and naive but vivid works of art have brought creative inspiration to artists. The spread of oriental cultural and artistic works to the west, especially China's ink and wash landscape paintings and Indian grottoes art, spread to the west in various ways. These new styles, which are different from western realism, have brought a fresh wind to the western art world. Without inheritance, there is no innovation; Without innovation, there can be no development. In the 20th century, a group of creative artists stood on the shoulders of historical giants and climbed to new artistic heights.
In the 20th century, various schools of western artistic styles coexisted and changed, which was more closely related to commercialization. Before World War II, many modern schools appeared in the art world. After the Second World War, new styles and schools changed alternately like lanterns, mutating faster and more frequently, and capital and the logic of capital have penetrated into them.
Modernist art school before World War II, animism before World War II. Cubism, Expressionism, Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism are influential schools.
Fauvism is the earliest modernist painting school in the early 20th century. During the period of 1905, the works of a group of young artists such as Matisse, Flemish, Ma Erkai and Duffy were exhibited in the autumn salon exhibition held in Paris. Because of its unconventional techniques, it was called "beast-like art" by critics, so it was named Fauvism, and Matisse was the representative of this school. Fauvism painters have different styles, but they all emphasize the use of large color blocks and bold lines to express their subjective feelings and free will in their creation. The picture generally lacks perspective and has decorative pattern effect.
Henri matisse (1869— 1954) is a famous French modernist painter. When he was in his twenties, he formally studied painting, inherited the fine traditions of many famous painters, absorbed the characteristics of oriental art, gradually formed his own painting style, and created a large number of works that were deliberately innovative, which had a wide influence in the art world and became the most accomplished and influential painter among the Fauvism. Matisse's famous saying is "accurate description is not equal to truth". This sentence has become the program of modern art, and his main works are: Joy of Life. Naked in Blue, Harmony in Red, Open Window and Woman in Hat, etc.
Cubism is a new school of art that appeared in the French art world from 65438 to 0907. The main representatives are Picasso in Spain and Braque in France, among which Picasso made the greatest contribution. The school of painting advocates that all images should be decomposed into the simplest geometric blocks and combined according to the painter's wishes. In their paintings, all objects, landscapes, people and houses have become geometric figures and squares, so that the front of the objects can be seen. On the side, you can also see its back. Cubism gives people a new way to observe the world, that is, to observe the world from multiple angles. Cubism prevailed in the western world for half a century, and the most prosperous period was in the 1920s and 1930s.
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) is one of the most influential painters in the 20th century. He began to learn painting at the age of seven and created tens of thousands of works in his life. The most important contribution is the creation of cubism. 1907 created "The Girl of avignon", which shocked European painting circles. The five characters in the picture, especially the face, front, side and hypotenuse, are all combined together, which completely violates the image seen by human vision. This work is regarded as the beginning of cubism. He loves peace, opposes war and draws doves of peace. 1937 The famous anti-fascist painting guernica caused a sensation in the world.
Expressionism came into being in Germany before the First World War. Its representatives are Monk of Norway, Kirchner of Germany, Marquez of Russia, Kandinsky, etc. Its purpose is to express everything felt in the inner world, but usually the real things are always deformed, which makes the picture present a fierce, rough, harsh, sad and horrible atmosphere.
Futurism came into being in Italy on 1909, with marinetti and Borjuba as its representatives. Barra, etc. They advocate using a painting to express the explosion of feelings, the power of fast movement and the abstract dynamic beauty in painting.
Dadaism was born in Zurich, Switzerland in 19 16. The school randomly chose a children's word "Dada" as its name from the dictionary. They deny everything, rationality and traditional culture with nihilism, and think that art can be the product of any artist's free will. The works of Marcel Toussaint, the representative of Dadaism, can be said to be typical works of Dadaism. The naked girl downstairs who made him famous in one fell swoop is a series of overlapping pictures like robots; Bicycle wheels are ready-made bicycle wheels standing on wooden benches; Spring is a urinal nailed to a board, which is even more shocking.
Surrealism is a new school that diverges from Dadaism around 1922. Under the influence of Freud's theory, this school tries to systematically study how to express people's "subconscious". The representatives are Dali and Milo in Spain. Dali's Still Memory depicts a painful world full of hallucinations and premonitions of civil war, and depicts the fear brought by war. Miro's representative works include The Woman on the Beach and so on.
The modernist art schools after World War II did not interrupt the trend of art development itself, and various modernist art schools that appeared since the beginning of the 20th century still showed their creativity after the war. However, after all, war and social changes will still have an important impact on the development of art, and some new schools have emerged. Among them, action painting and color abstract painting, op art, pop art and photographic realism are all famous. During this period, the center of modernist art movement gradually shifted from Paris to new york.
Action painting and color abstract painting were the most popular art schools in new york in 1950s. They belong to abstract expressionist art and are of great significance in the history of postwar western art. Action painting is also called "drip painting". The most famous painter is Jackson Pollock. He created a new method of combining painting activities with subconscious activities by splashing paint on canvas. The painter walks along the canvas while dripping water, and his movements are in harmony with the dripping movements, which reflects the painter's painting movements, so it is named "action painting". This kind of randomness is great and is not dominated by any painting technique theory. What kind of effect is ultimately unpredictable even by the painter himself, which is contrary to all traditional forms in painting. Only pay attention to the painting material itself and painting language, and pursue the accidental effect of color. Color abstract painting, also known as "big color gamut painting". In 1950s, mark rothko in the United States was the representative of this school. His paintings are often composed of simple shapes, colored squares and thick lines, forming an abstract space, which seems to express a certain belief or spiritual element, which is often incomprehensible to ordinary people.
Opal art, also known as "light effect art" or "optical illusion art", rose in Europe and America in the 1960s. Artists of this genre arrange, combine, contrast, overlap or stagger with various black-and-white or colored geometric shapes to form complex images, resulting in confusion in perspective and hallucinations such as deformation and tremor. This genre is quite popular in Britain, France, Italy, the United States and other countries, and some famous artists have also appeared in Argentina and other countries in Latin America. Representative works include: Feather Pattern by British female painter Riley, Three Rainstorms and Comprehension, Solata-T by French painter Vasalelli, Prism by Argentine Lepak and so on. Because of its good commercial advertising effect, this art is widely used in the design of decorative art works.
Pop art is the most typical figurative art in 1960s. Pop means mass, so pop art is also called "mass art". From 65438 to 0952, a group of young British painters, sculptors, architects and art critics got together and set up a group to advocate attention to popular culture, which set off a wave of popular art. Later, this kind of art became popular in America. Robert rauschenberg, an American, became the most famous representative of this school. He combined photos, newspaper clippings and various printed materials, and then painted a few strokes with oil paints to form his works. Later, he simply used a thin quilt as the bottom, added a pillow, and poured paint on it to make it flow. This kind of work is not exactly the same as the original painting. It consists of painting, sculpture and physical assembly.
Photographic realism, also known as surrealism, is a painting school that appeared in the late 1960s and a new school in the high-tech era. The basic method of this school is to enlarge and copy photography. In the choice of theme, they often draw with the help of a beautiful photo or slide, and copy it through extremely trivial details in order to achieve a more realistic visual effect than photos. Secondly, they think that "realism" and "likeness" are the elements of art, and the most influential representative of this school is Chuck Close, whose masterpieces include Naked Woman, John, Self-portrait and so on.
The new trend of modern western music development In the 20th century, western music art entered an unprecedented complex period, with obvious diversity, complexity and variability, and various styles and schools emerged one after another. The two coexist and influence each other. On the one hand, like other art forms, they also have typical 20th-century characteristics, that is, they break away from the shackles of tradition and advocate self-promotion and anti-rationality. On the other hand, rationalism and anti-romanticism. Think that music is abstract, except itself. It can't show anything. Compared with traditional music, modern music has undergone many new changes in skills, such as the changes in the concepts of tone and harmony, the changes in music rhythm and melody, and the emergence of electronic music. At present, with the development of science and technology, the progress of communication technology and the development of transportation, cultural exchanges between countries are increasing day by day, the national boundaries of music are gradually disappearing, and the speed and frequency of popularization are also accelerating. The main music schools in the 20th century are impressionist music, expressionist music, neoclassical music, electronic music and jazz.
Impressionist music, expressionist music and neoclassical music. Impressionist music appeared at the end of19th century, and its influence was mainly produced in 20th century. Its representative figure is French composer Debussy. Debussy, the master of impressionist music, is regarded as a genius in the 20th century. He ended an era, pushed the achievements of that era to the peak, and also opened the road to a new era.
Debussy was born in the suburbs of Paris, and his family has no musical background. 1 1 entered the Paris Conservatory of Music and constantly explored the expression of music. He won the Rome Prize at 1884. 19 In the 1990s, impressionism was created in the history of music. Most of the works are based on poems, paintings and natural scenery, deliberately depicting characters' feelings, revealing people's spiritual world, gradually forming a unique artistic personality in modes, harmony and timbre, and opening up the development path of modern music with a brand-new musical language. In his music, people can appreciate a hazy, erratic, illusory and quiet artistic conception. He has composed a prelude to wind music, Afternoon of the Faun, an opera, pelias, and an orchestral nocturne. Fire in the Sea and Moonlight for the piano are both representative works of Impressionism.
Expressionism music is an important school of western modernist music from the end of 19 to the first half of the 20th century, which is opposite to impressionism music. Impressionist music focuses on reflecting the outside world and emphasizing objectivity. Expressionist music pays attention to expressing the inner world and emphasizes subjectivity. The main representatives of expressionist music are Schoenberg and his disciples Berger and Wilbern.
Schoenberg was born in Vienna. He didn't receive much formal music education in his life, and he was almost self-taught. After 1908, he pursued modern creative techniques such as atonality under the influence of expressionism and created atonal music. This kind of music is always in a state of tension, which stimulates people's hearing and is suitable for expressing "people" in a state of tension in the 20th century. In the 1920s, he created a twelve-tone system and created a lot of music according to this system. The so-called twelve-tone system is to abandon the traditional mode, tonality and harmony system, arrange the twelve-tone system in the chromatic scale into a musical sequence at will, and then deal with it by transposition and progression. In order to avoid any sound becoming the tonic. None of them will be repeated until all twelve tones appear. The twelve-tone system had a great influence on music in the 70' s. His students Berger and Wilbur later innovated and developed the twelve-tone system. Schoenberg's works mainly include: Night of Sublimation, String Sextet, Moses and Allen, Survivor of Warsaw, and Choir.
Neoclassical music rose during the two world wars. Some composers combined the classical principles of18th century with the new culture of 20th century, which simplified the material and form of music, greatly compressed the organization of the band, and made the music style concise, calm and rational. The main representative is Stravinsky.
Stravinsky (188- 197 1) was born in Russia, became a French citizen in 1934, and obtained American citizenship in 1945. His works have many kinds and great changes in style, involving almost all important modern schools. Famous works include: ballet Fire, Sacrifice to Spring, and opera The Return of the Prodigal Son.
Electronic music and jazz electronic music are music made by electronic technology and equipment. With the rapid development of science and technology in the 20th century, the combination of music and technology has become a major feature of modernist music. Some composers are not satisfied with traditional musical instruments and sounds, and start to make bold innovations and try electronic music. 195 1 year, Radio Cologne, West Germany started an electronic music studio and produced its first work in 1953. Out near 1956. The electronic sound generator device "combines all kinds of sound generators and voice changers and is controlled by a unified system, which greatly simplifies the production process of electronic music." After the appearance of semiconductor technology in the 1960s, the synthesizer was more perfect and miniaturized, and it could participate in live performances. With the entry of electronic computers into the music field, people reproduce specific styles of music through programmed programs, and producers can use electronic technology to combine all kinds of strange sounds at will and create according to their own imagination. Electronic music has opened up a new territory and endless sound sources, and its development prospect is optimistic by people in the music industry.
Jazz music is a brand-new genre of music that came into being in New Orleans in the lower reaches of the Mississippi River in the United States at the end of 19 and the beginning of this century. After more than ten years, it became popular in the United States and quickly spread throughout the western world. At first, it was mainly played by black bands in New Orleans. Most of the ancestors of local blacks originated in West Africa, so jazz has a strong West African musical style.
Black people are at the bottom of American society and are discriminated and oppressed everywhere. They want to get rid of the depression of real life, so they combine other white music with songs sung in labor and social occasions to create a melancholy tune called "blues", which is the predecessor of jazz. Later, some local bands and black songs further merged and soon formed the original jazz. Jazz is a kind of noisy and fanatical music. This kind of music is mainly improvisation, with a strong sense of rhythm and change, which is suitable for expressing modern life. Rhapsody in blue, written by American composer Groven, is the most famous jazz in modern times. Jazz music had a profound influence on later "rock music" and "disco music".