1, Yao and Shun abdicated?

in primitive society, tribal alliances set up alliance meetings, and the leaders of all clans and tribes were members of the meeting. According to legend, when Yao was old, he raised the issue of successors at the tribal alliance meeting, and Gou Dou (Huān Dōu not u) recommended * * * workers. Although Yao did not agree, he was still given the post of engineer to test his talents. As a result, everyone recommended Shun and said that he was very capable.

2. Preparing for Constitutionalism

After the Boxer Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty, people in various places fought one after another, and the trend of democratic revolution spread widely throughout the country, and anti-Qing armed uprisings continued one after another. And the bourgeoisie is constantly demanding political rights. In the precarious situation, the Qing dynasty announced the implementation of the New Deal and prepared for constitutionalism.

the first is administrative reform, including justice, education, official system and so on. The imperial examination system that lasted for 13 years was also abolished at that time; Secondly, we must set up a parliament; The third is to implement local autonomy. However, when the parliamentary cabinet was set up, there were 13 people in the cabinet, 8 of whom were Manchu banners, and 5 of them were royalty, so they were ridiculed as "royal cabinet".

3, the imperial examination

Since the Sui Dynasty, China's official recruitment system has adopted the way of imperial examination. When modern people mention the imperial examination, they may first think of the negative effects such as "Fan Jin Zhong Ju". Needless to say, the imperial examination is indeed a legacy, but we can't deny its positive role.

Although the imperial examination imprisoned the thoughts of intellectuals all over the world in the Four Books and Five Classics (after the Yuan Dynasty), it was an out-and-out pioneer of the fair competition system, and was even called the fifth invention of China by the west!

fair and just! Since the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination has been open to all, regardless of origin or wealth. Moreover, a set of examination management system has been established to avoid cheating by candidates and favoritism by examiners.

The imperial examination system has effectively promoted the cultivation and education of talents, social stability and the level of national management for 13 years. But its greatest contribution is to let people from humble origins and poor families see the way to enter the upper class.

Since then, it has opened up a new path from poverty to nobility in previous dynasties, besides rebellion and luck.

4, the people are precious

Mencius said, "The people are precious, the country is second, and the monarch is light." In the whole chapter of Mencius, this sentence is definitely not to express the idea that "civil rights are greater than monarchical rights", but only to emphasize that "Qiu Min" (the lower people who work in the mine field) plays a very important role in the whole society.

Nevertheless, the rulers will have to pay attention to the people's independent rights, especially in view of Mencius' cultural status (Yasheng). Many rulers will have to consider the people's independent rights, even if they don't think about "Qiu Min" or their own ruling position, just for the sake of face.

5, the cabinet system

The cabinet system is closer to the democratic system. At the beginning, the cabinet mainly assisted the emperor in handling some routine work and consulting work, and rarely had the opportunity to participate in decision-making. Later, the power of the cabinet became more and more powerful. Especially in the reign of Zhengde Emperor Zhu Houzhao, the failure of state affairs had to be handled by the cabinet.

Zhu Houzong, Emperor Jiajing, ranked the cabinet before six departments (official department, criminal department, military department, ritual department, household department and industrial department). At this point, the power of the cabinet far exceeded the scope of the "secretary group", comparable to or even worse than the prime minister of that year. The difference is that in those days, the prime minister could have the final say, and the cabinet had to discuss and discuss the decision.