Zhuge Liang (Prime Minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Period)

Zhuge Liang (181-October 8, 234[1]), courtesy name Kongming, nickname Wolong (also known as Fulong), Han nationality , a native of Langya Yangdu, Xuzhou (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding statesman, military strategist, essayist, calligrapher, and inventor. He was named Wuxiang Marquis when he was alive, and Zhongwu Marquis after his death. The Eastern Jin Dynasty regime named him Wuxing King because of his military talents. His representative works of prose include "Chu Shi Biao", "Book of Commandments" and so on. He invented the wooden cow and flowing horse, the Kongming lantern, etc., and modified the repeating crossbow, called the Zhuge repeating crossbow, which can fire ten arrows with one crossbow. He died in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji) in the 12th year of Jianxing (234).

Liu Chan gave him the posthumous title of Zhongwuhou, so later generations often addressed Zhuge Liang as Wuhou and Zhuge Wuhou. Zhuge Liang "dedicated his life to death" and was a representative figure of loyal ministers and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.

Character’s biography:

Plowing Longtian

Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu County, Langye County in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe’s reign (181). A family of officials, the Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie. The ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as a Sili school captain during the Yuan Dynasty of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. His mother Zhang died of illness when Zhuge Liang was 3 years old. Zhuge Liang lost his father when he was 8 years old. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou to Liu Biao.

In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty had escaped from Chang'an Li Jue and moved to Cao Cao's Xu County. Zhuge Liang was 16 years old at this time. He often read "The Song of Liang Fu" and often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. People at that time looked down upon him. Only his friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhou believed in his talent. [4]

He had friendships with Sima Hui, Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan and others who were famous in Xiangyang at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can match yours." Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her. People at that time used it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't be like Kong Ming when choosing a wife, or you will get an ugly girl like A Cheng." However, there is also a saying that Huang Yueying is extremely beautiful, so she is disliked by other young women in the village. He disparaged her appearance out of jealousy.

Grand Countermeasures

Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms 12

At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye. Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei, he said: "Those Confucian scholars are all ignorant people. How can they understand the current affairs and situation? Only those who can understand the current affairs and situations are outstanding. At this time, only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Fengchu (Pang Tong) )."[5] Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu, and Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would invite Liang to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "You can go see him, but you can't let him come here."

Liu Bei went to Longzhong in person and visited Zhuge Liang three times (called "Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage" in history). After meeting Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei asked others to avoid him and asked him: "Now the Han Dynasty is in decline, traitors are using the emperor's orders to do things, and the emperor has lost his power. I did not measure my own virtue and ability, and wanted to revive the world with great righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were short and insufficient, so I often failed until today. However, my ambition has not yet calmed down. Do you have any plans to help me? ”

Zhuge Liang then presented to him the plan of dividing the world into three parts, and analyzed the situation in which Cao Cao was undesirable and Sun Quan could come to his aid; He also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. Liu Bei praised it and invited Zhuge Liang to help him. After leaving the mountain, Liu Bei often discussed with him, and their relationship became increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were very unhappy. Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming, just like a fish in water. I hope you won't talk anymore." ""Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others no longer complained.

The "Longzhong Dui" proposed by Zhuge Liang became the basic national policy of Liu Bei and the Shu Han in the following decades.

The Battle of Chibi

In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao's wife Liu Qi's stepmother Cai made repeated slanders, and Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice on how to stabilize himself, but Zhuge Liang refused every time. During a banquet, Liu Qi used the strategy of going up to the house to take out the ladder and asked Zhuge Liang to come up with a solution. Zhuge Liang then asked Liu Qi: "Don't you see Shen Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period? There is danger inside, but can Chong'er (referring to Jin Wengong) be safe outside?" At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Soochow, and Liu Qi recommended him to be the prefect of Jiangxia to protect himself outside. In August of the same year, Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded him. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent envoys to surrender. After Liu Bei found out about it in Fancheng, he led his army and people to flee south. Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun at Changban in Dangyang and defeated Liu Jun.

Zhuge Liang in the board game "Three Kingdoms" (Standard Edition)

Liu Bei was defeated in Xiakou, and Sun Quan had previously sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei that he ask Sun Quan for help. , Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and became friends with Lu Su.

After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices using a dichotomy: "If we can compete with the Central Plains countries with the military power of Wu and Yue, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible"; One option is to provoke the generals, "If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military operations and surrender to the north!" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang, why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang then raised Liu Bei's status, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Liu Bei's determination to Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. He first said that the scattered troops from the army returned and Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand people. In addition, Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than ten thousand. He then said that Cao's army was exhausted from afar. When chasing Liu Bei, he used Qingqi to attack Liu Bei. After traveling more than three hundred miles day and night, it was "the end of the strong crossbow, and the force could not penetrate Lu Zhen"; and the northerners were not used to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, not convinced; in the end, it was definitely said that Cao Cao could be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy. Later, he was persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 naval troops to go to war with Cao Cao.

Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao's army encountered a fire attack by Sun and Liu's coalition forces in Chibi. Cao Cao's army suffered very heavy losses. At this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army, and Cao Cao had no choice but to Lead the army back north.

Enough food and sufficient troops

After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei pacified the four counties of Jingnan in December of the 13th year of Jian'an, appointed Zhuge Liang as the military advisor Zhonglang General, and lived in Linyang , the governor of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha counties was responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources.

In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Meng Da to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang then guarded Jingzhou with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others. By December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and also attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of the defense of Jingzhou, dividing his troops to pacify various counties, and together with Liu Bei besieged Chengdu. In the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yizhou.

Zhuge Liang received five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million yuan, and one thousand pieces of brocade. He was also appointed as military advisor general and assigned to the left general's office.

Whenever Liu Bei sent out troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with enough food and troops. For example, in the Battle of Hanzhong, he provided financial aid for Liu Bei.

In the first year of Yankang (220), the first year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established itself. In the second year of Wei Huangchu (221), the ministers heard the news of the murder of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor. Liu Bei did not agree. Zhuge Liang used the story of Geng Chun to persuade Liu Xiu to ascend the throne to persuade Liu Bei. So Liu Bei agreed, appointing Zhuge Liang as prime minister, recording ministerial affairs, and taking a holiday. In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed, and Zhuge Liang took the post of Sili Xiaowei.

White Emperor City Tuogu

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was defeated during the Eastern Expedition to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yong'an. Zhuge Liang sighed: "What a pity. Fa Zheng has died, otherwise His Majesty's Eastern Expedition will surely be stopped.

"

1994 CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Bai Di Tuogu

In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and summoned Zhuge Liang to Yong'an to stay with Li Yan After entrusting the funeral arrangements, Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Your talents are ten times that of Cao Pi. You will definitely be able to settle the country and achieve great things in the end." If the heir (Liu Chan) can help, then help him; if he has no talent, you can help him yourself. Zhuge Liang cried and said: "I will do my best to repay my loyalty and integrity until my death!" "Liu Bei also asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father.

In April, Liu Bei passed away and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne. He made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and opened an official office. Soon, he took over the post of Yizhou Shepherd and took charge of political matters. Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang for all matters. Originally, the Nanzhong region took the opportunity to rebel due to the death of Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to repair the situation in Soochow.

Southern Expedition and Northern Expedition

Southern Expedition

In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led his army to the south. Before leaving, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Liang a golden yue. There was one Qu Gai, one Yu Bao in front and one in front, and sixty men in Huben. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land to attack Yong Kai and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's suggestion of joining the army and focused on attacking the heart. He defeated Yong Kai's army first, and then captured seven of them. Following Meng Huo's rule, the Shu Han Dynasty settled down in Nanzhong and obtained a large amount of resources. After a long period of accumulation, the powerful Wudang Flying Army was established.

Northern Expedition

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and took the diagonal valley road to capture Yi. He asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops. He led his army to attack Qishan (Nan'an and Tianshui on the right side of Longyi). He and the three counties of Anping rebelled against Wei and annexed Shu, and there was a tremor in Guanzhong. Emperor Ming of Wei ordered Zhang He to lead 50,000 troops to attack Jieting. At the same time, Zhao Yun was outnumbered and defeated in Jigu. The Yu family returned to Hanzhong. The first Northern Expedition failed. [15]

In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took advantage of Wei's troops going east and Guanzhong was weak, so he took advantage of the situation and sent troops to disperse Guan (today's southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang. (today's east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), Wei general Hao Zhao refused, Zhuge Liang failed to persuade him to surrender, and he had no choice but to return to Hanzhong.

Zhuge Liang

In the spring of the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (surrounding today's Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (surrounding today's Wenxian County, Gansu Province) counties. Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou, led troops to rescue them. , Liang came out to Jianwei (today's west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai retreated, and gained two counties.

In the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing (230 years), the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three directions, and Sima Yi was killed. When they went to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Xiegu Valley. After more than 30 days of heavy rain, the Wei army retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu Yi to the west to attack Qiangzhong, and defeated Wei Hou general Fei Yao (Yao) and Yongzhou governor Guo Huai in Yangxi (in Nan'an County, southwest of present-day Wushan in Gansu Province). area). [16]

In February of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang led his army to attack Qishan, and began to use Mu Niu. At that time, Cao Zhen was seriously ill, and Zhuge Liang, the governor of Guanzhong, refused. Cutting wheat in Shanggui (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province), Sima Yi pursued Liang to Lucheng (between today's Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province) and dug a camp to defend himself. >

According to the "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn Annals", in May of the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, and Wu Ban to resist and defeated Sima Yi. The Han army won 3,000 rank-level soldiers, 5,000 black armor leaders, and 3,000 horned crossbows. One hundred pieces, so Sima Yi returned to Baoying. This historical material was later cited in Zizhi Tongjian.

The "Book of Jin" records that the Wei army removed its armor and light equipment, marched day and night, and met Zhuge Liang in Hanyang. Sima Yi sent General Niu Jin to lead his light cavalry as bait. Zhuge Liang retreated to Qishan and stationed troops in Lucheng, occupying the two mountains in the north and south. , block water and build walls. The Wei army broke through and defeated the Shu army, capturing and beheading tens of thousands of people.

In the "Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou, there is no record of either theory.

In June, Li Yan called Zhuge Liang to return the army due to lack of food transportation.

Zhang He chased Liang and retreated to Mumen, where he was shot to death by an arrow - this was his second departure from Qishan.

In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang led his army out of the Xiegu Road. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (now south of Qishan, Shaanxi Province), he stationed fields in Weibin, and made an appointment with Sima Yi to attack Weinan. The leaders of Wu State sent troops together. During this period, Zhuge Liang not only sent envoys to declare war repeatedly, but also sent women to dress up to anger Sima Yi. However, Sima Yi endured the humiliation and refused to leave, and used the clever strategy of "asking for battle from thousands of miles away" to calm the general's anger.

Sima Yi once asked the Shu Han envoy how much Zhuge Liang sleeps, eats and does, without asking about the military situation. The envoy replied: "Zhuge Gong gets up early and goes to bed late. All punishments of more than twenty sticks are personally reviewed; The food he eats is less than a few liters. "Sima Yi told people: "Zhuge Kongming eats less and has trouble with his affairs. How long can he live?"

Zhuge Liang then divided his troops to farm and fight with Wei in the Wei Kingdom. The people of the country wanted to be self-sufficient with the same food and planned to stay there for a long time. However, Zhuge Liang became seriously ill due to overwork.

Died of illness in Wuzhangyuan

Liu Chan sent Minister Li Fu to greet him and inquire about national affairs. When Li Fu arrived, Zhuge Liang finished his conversation, said goodbye, and came back a few days later. Zhuge Liang said: "I know your intention of coming back. Although we have been talking all day recently, some things have not been explained yet, so I have come to hear the decision again. Jiang Wan is suitable for what you want to ask." Li Fu apologized and said: "I really didn't ask before. If you think about it, who can take on the important task after this year, so I asked him again, who can take on the important task after Jiang Wan? "Zhuge Liang said, "Fei Yi can take over." Zhuge Liang did not answer.

In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan (in Baoji) at the age of fifty-four. Yang Yi and others led the army back, but Jiang Wei and others followed Zhuge Liang's will and did not announce the funeral secretly, and slowly retreated. Sima Yi led his army in pursuit and saw the Shu Han military commander flying his flag and Kong Ming sitting in the car with a feather fan and silk scarf. Sima Yi suspected that Kong Ming was using a trick to lure the enemy, so he quickly rode back his troops. This led to the incident of "dead Zhuge scaring away the living Zhongda".

Of these six military campaigns, only two were sent out of Qishan; the fourth time was when the Wei army took the initiative to attack and the Shu army defended. Due to continuous heavy rains and flash floods that destroyed the plank roads, Shu and Wei did not fight.

After the army returned to Chengdu, Liu Chan posthumously named Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Zhongwu.

In his last words, Zhuge Liang ordered his subordinates to bury him in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, and build a tomb according to the mountain. The tomb can only accommodate a coffin, and he should be buried in ordinary clothes without using other utensils.

Zhuge Liang was buried in the Tomb of Marquis Wu in Mian County, Dingjun Mountain. Zhuge Liang once pointed out in the table that he had no extra property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and all he owned were granted by the court. Even though his son was self-sufficient, he had no extra property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang was like this until his death. Even before his death, he ordered that he only need to dig a hole for burial. It is enough for the coffin to be put in. He can wear ordinary clothes and does not need other burial objects.

Many places in the Shu Han Dynasty sent letters requesting the erection of Zhuge Liang temples. However, the Shu Han court violated the etiquette and refused to accept the request, so the people privately offered sacrifices to Zhuge Liang on the roads during the four seasons festivals. Until the sixth year of Jingyao (263), at the suggestion of Xi Long and Xiang Chong, Liu Chan built a temple for Zhuge Liang in Mianyang.

Thirty years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and eldest grandson Zhuge Shang died together in the Battle of Mianzhu.

Personal achievements:

Politics

As the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang appeased the people, abided by etiquette, restrained officials, used power with caution, and was open-minded and open-minded to others. Be honest. Those who serve the country loyally will be rewarded even by their enemies, and those who neglect their duties and commit crimes will be punished. As long as they sincerely plead guilty and obey the law, no matter how serious the crime is, they will be treated with leniency. If they use clever words to avoid responsibility, no matter how minor the offense is, they will be treated leniently. Strict management must be carried out, and every kindness and meritorious deeds, no matter how small, should be praised, and no matter how small the fault is, all should be punished. He handles affairs concisely and practically, can solve problems fundamentally, does not care about fame but pays attention to reality, and does not do anything that is greedy for vanity. In the end, everyone in Shu Kingdom is afraid of him but respects him, and uses harsh punishments but no one There are complaints because his intentions are upright and honest, and his advice to others is very clear and legitimate.

It can be said that he is an outstanding talent in governing the country, and his talents can be compared with Guan Zhong and Xiao He.

Economy

When Zhuge Liang took a break from military service in Hanzhong to encourage farmers, he took advantage of the economic conditions in Hanzhong and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions, so that the military resources for the Northern Expedition were basically reduced. After Zhuge Liang died, the Shu Han army retreated, and the Wei army also "obtained a lot of books, grain and grain" from the Shu camp. This just illustrates the effect of Zhuge Liang's dismissal of soldiers and farmers, and the implementation of military garrison farming warfare. When the local people live a better life, they can attract more people, allowing the vast and sparsely populated Hanzhong to develop again, and gradually achieve a virtuous cycle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs."

The "Mountain and River Weir" and other water conservancy projects that Zhuge Liang "continued to build" are still the water conservancy projects with the largest irrigation area in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi’s investigation, “Shanhe Weir still irrigates more than 8,000 acres of farmland in Baocheng County, more than 30,600 acres of farmland in Nanzheng County, more than 7,000 acres in Jiu County, and more than 46,000 acres in Tianjin. "The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still used today. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs from the Han Dynasty in the area. Some weirs and canals have been used and repaired for generations and are still in use today. At the same time, various regions have continued to build a large number of ponds, reservoirs, ponds and other water conservancy facilities on the basis of inheriting and learning from ancient experiences in developing and utilizing water conservancy resources. Mian County alone has built 37 additional reservoirs capable of storing 100,000 cubic meters of water; more than 300 ponds and ponds; and winter paddy fields still exceed 50,000 acres.

The above facts show that the actual effectiveness and continuous improvement and utilization of the ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in the Hanzhong Basin to this day are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy, and developing production when he was on vacation in Hanzhong to encourage farmers. Not open.

Military

Eight Formations

As a military strategist, Zhuge Liang has also been highly recognized by military strategists of all ages. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi saw Zhuge Liang's camp and praised him as a "wonder in the world". Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Jing repeatedly mentioned Zhuge Liang's military management methods and the Eight Formations in their "Interrogation between Emperor Taizong and Li Wei Gong" and gave them extremely high praise. It also showed that Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang in "Three Kingdoms" was " Historians rarely knew the soldiers and could not record their actual deeds." During the Tang Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was also selected as one of the Ten Philosophers of the Martial Arts Temple, sharing the same status as nine military strategists of the past dynasties, including Zhang Liang, Han Xin, and Bai Qi. Zhuge Liang also wrote many military works, such as "Southern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", etc., which made certain contributions to the Chinese military community. Zhuge Liang also showed dexterity in technological inventions, such as the improved repeating crossbow. Zhuge Liang also deduced the art of war and made eight formations, which was still highly respected by Li Jing, a general in the Tang Dynasty.

Inventions

Kongming Lantern

Wooden Ox and Flowing Horse

Eight Formations

Zhuge Liannu

Wood Beast

Kong Mingsuo

Landmine

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Artistic Achievements

Calligraphy

The era Zhuge Liang lived in was an era when Chinese calligraphy art was becoming mature. Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy, and he practiced it assiduously when he was a teenager

Zhuge Liang's ink rubbings (biography)

He was able to write in a variety of fonts, including seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Excellent.

Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he mined iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three in length. The ruler is six inches long...and is the corner of Kongming's style." Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. ""In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave. Bafenshu also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, and named it Shouchan tripod; One tripod was cast at the entrance of Jianshan Mountain, and it was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text says: 'Wealth and prosperity are good. King Hou. '; One with the King of Liang, the text said: 'Great auspiciousness, King Yi.

"The Garden of Ancient and Modern Dharma Books" written by Zhou Yue during the Northern Song Dynasty also recorded: "The first master of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made in eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite." ". Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was only more than 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts.

Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" of Xuanhe Neifu, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, records: Zhuge Liang was "good at painting and also liked to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not known as a book, his relics will be treasured if he finds them." He also said: "The cursive calligraphy in the imperial palace today is "Yuan She Tie". "This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the palace. The Southern Song Dynasty Chen Si's "Short History of Shu" records: Zhuge Liang "was good at eight points of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has "Xuan Mo" Tai Chi, mixed with words such as yin and yang, has special skills."

Zhuge Liang also often practiced calligraphy in government affairs and military activities. "Changde Mansion Chronicles" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located 30 years west of Yuanjiang County Inside Wolong Temple. According to popular legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty came to this temple because of its name. "Zhuge Liang was active in the Changde area after the Battle of Chibi. The war was very tense and frequent, but he did not forget to practice calligraphy.

Painting

Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" " wrote: "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting. "Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the situation of painting collection and sales at that time in his book "On Painting". He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancients to determine the high and low. Taking the Han and Wei Dynasties as the ancient times, Zhao Qi and Liu Yao , Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, Zhuge Liang and others are also like this. "

Zhang Yanyuan recorded the selling price of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and others at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a low screen is worth 15,000 gold." "A screen is worth 1 gold. Ten thousand. " He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (i.e. ancient times) were already "important treasures for the state and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times". From Zhang Yanyuan's account, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's role in the history of Chinese art. Historical status and artistic achievements

The Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Xu’s "Huayang Guozhi" records: "In Nanzhong, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts, and they like to curse alliances. . Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the Great Wall Mansion of the Heaven, Earth, Sun and Moon, and then the dragon, the barbarians born from the dragon, and the cattle, horses, camels, and sheep. Later, the chief official of the painting department rode on horseback and covered with flags, patrolling to comfort him. He also painted an image of a barbarian morning glory carrying wine and gold to express his gratitude to the barbarians, who were very heavy. "It can be seen from the above records that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are both based on real life (such as the lives of ethnic minorities in southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), and their compositions are magnificent. The scene is grand.

Music

Zhuge Liang is proficient in music and likes to play the piano and sing. According to Chen Shou's "The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang's Biography": "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu to serve Liang's father. groan. "Xi Chi Chi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang... To the west of the house is a mountain and a river. Kongming often climbed there and played "Liang Fu's Yin" on the harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "In the "Qin Jing" volume, Zhuge Liang wrote about the beginning of Qin making and the sound of the seven strings, and the thirteen emblems took the meaning of the image. "Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "There is a stone harp in the Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain. When you play it, the sound is very clear and clear. It is said that it was left by Wuhou." "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and high artistic achievements in music. He is good at both vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the piano; at the same time, he is also good at music and lyrics. Not only that, he also wrote a musical theory treatise, "Qin Jing". "The Former Disciple's Biao" (passed by Yue Fei)

"The Former Disciple's Biao" is a statement written by Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty in China, to his later master. It was the fifth year of Jianxing, and the Shu Han Dynasty had died from Liu Bei. After recovering from the shock, he made an alliance with Sun Wu, settled in Nanzhong internally, promoted the Qing government, and had sufficient military supplies. Zhuge Liang believed that he had the ability to conquer the Central Plains and realize Liu Bei's restoration of the Han Dynasty. His loyalty to his duties and his diligence in instructing his successors not to forget the last wishes of the late emperor, with sincere emotions and smooth writing, are outstanding works of ancient prose.

"The Discipline of the Later Disciples" is a seal given to the Empress of Shu before Zhuge Liang's second expedition to Wei in November of the sixth year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty (AD 228) during the Three Kingdoms period. The difference between the table before the Northern Expedition was sparse, and later generations called it "The Master's Biao afterward". This table was first seen in the "Three Kingdoms·Shu Zhi·Zhuge Liang Biography". "Lighting up all that is missing, Zhang Yan memorizes it silently." Therefore, since the Qing Dynasty, there has been a debate about the authenticity of this watch, and it remains unresolved to this day.

"The Book of Commandments" is a family letter written by Zhuge Liang to his 8-year-old son Zhuge Zhan before his death. It has become a famous article for students of all generations to cultivate their moral character and resolve. It can be seen as Zhuge Liang's summary of his life. Zhuge Liang was also a father with noble character, talent and profound knowledge, and his sincere teachings and unlimited expectations for his son were all in his words. Through these wise, rational, concise and rigorous words, the love of fathers for their children is expressed so deeply. There are many "Book of Commandments" preserved by later generations.

Writings

Zhuge Liang's writings are compiled into "Zhuge Liang Collection". Also known as ‘Zhuge’s Collection’.

"The Cottage Dui"

"The Master's Guide"

"The Book of Commandments to Sons"

"The Book of Commandments to Nephews"

"Jiang Yuan" (also known as "Xin Shu")

"Sixteen Cheap Strategies"