Niels bohr, a famous Danish scientist, was also included in the search list. Before the Germans arrive, he must pack up what he wants to take away, hide what he should hide, escape to Sweden, and then go to the United States via London. He packed all the other things, and finally, his eyes stayed on the experimental platform. In addition to all kinds of experimental instruments, there is a bottle of heavy water and a glittering Nobel gold medal on the stage, which is put in a small box.
Seeing this medal, I can clearly recall the past 20 years ago. 192265438+February 10, in the resplendent hall of Stockholm, Sweden, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics from the King of Sweden in recognition of his research achievements in atomic structure and atomic emission spectrum. Wear it now, or it will be hidden in what you take away. If it is found and exposed, the consequences will be unimaginable; Stay? You will fall into enemy hands again. In a dilemma, his eyes fell on the bottle of "aqua regia" on the experimental platform. "Hey, it won't dissolve all the metals, will it?" So he came up with a brilliant idea to dissolve the medal in "aqua regia". He quickly put the medal in the "aqua regia"
....................................................................................................................................................... ........................... at this time, Bohr took a long sigh of relief, quickly picked up the "heavy water bottle" and embarked on a long journey in the boundless darkness.
When the Germans broke into his laboratory, he was already drifting in a Baltic boat through the secret passage of the Oresund with the help of Danish anti-enemy organizations. Then, he and his family went to Sweden, and finally escaped from the tiger's mouth and went to the United States.
So why did the Germans search for Bohr? It turns out that Bohr's view of resolutely opposing the Nazis is well known to the world. As an unyielding fighter against fascist autocracy, he was naturally regarded as the most dangerous enemy by the Germans. In addition, his mother was Jewish, so Bohr became "half Jewish", and it is well known that German fascists persecuted Jews. So after Germany occupied Denmark from 65438 to 0940, Bohr was in a very dangerous situation. However, Bohr still clung to his motherland, and it was not until he got accurate information that the Germans were going to rob him to Germany at the end of 1943 that he resolutely escaped from the gate of hell. In addition, he helped many Danish Jews escape from the country, otherwise they would die on Hitler's gas stove.
Bohr had many anecdotes in his life. Here are a few more.
The first thing-I made a mistake in my busy schedule. Bohr was placed in the bomb bay of a mosquito plane on his way from Sweden to England. The plane was hit by air billow, and it may meet a German plane. The situation is very critical. Although the environment is so sinister, Bohr, curled up in the bomb bay, is still absorbed in thinking about the scientific problems he wants to solve. So he didn't wear the necessary contact headphones on the plane, so he couldn't hear the pilot tell him to wear an oxygen mask. When the plane rose into the thin air, he had fainted from lack of oxygen. At London airport, people who welcomed him found him dying. But to Bohr's chagrin, the "heavy water bottle" that he hurriedly took away and gave his life to protect on the voyage of life and death was actually a genuine Danish beer! It turns out that the bottle with heavy water is a beer bottle-he will make mistakes in his busy work.
The second one is the Restoration Medal. 1945 After Germany surrendered, Bohr returned to his laboratory in Copenhagen. The bottle of aqua regia is as clear as ever. He opened the bottle cap and carefully put in a copper coin. The copper gradually disappeared, and a piece of gold appeared in the bottle, which was all the gold of the medal dissolved in it two years ago. He took out the gold and recast the same medal as before. It turns out that gold and aqua regia have the following chemical reactions:
au+HNO 3+3 HCl = AUC L3+2H2O+NO↓
AuCl3+HCl=HAuCl4 .
This toxic substance is chloroauric acid. After he put copper in, the copper replaced the gold of chloroauric acid and got gold. This is the story of Bohr winning the medal.
The third thing-two different teachers. After finishing all his studies at the University of Copenhagen, Bohr went directly to the Cavendish laboratory in England and studied under the British physicist J·J· Thomson, who is famous for discovering electrons. Bohr, who is straightforward, thinks that the teacher's atomic structure model-"bread with raisins" has certain defects, so he talks about his different views on Thomson. Unexpectedly, this offended the teacher: the first nobody dared to fire on my atomic model! In this way, Bohr's paper was not published in Britain. A few months later, Bohr quietly left Thomson.
This storm is a blow to Bohr, but things always split in two. Later, it turned out that it was a good thing for Bohr's turning point in life and the development of physics.
Shortly after he left Thomson, he learned from his friends that the British physicist Rutherford had always cared about young people, so he turned to Manchester University and worked in Rutherford's laboratory. A few months before this, Rutherford also published his model different from Thomson-the nuclear structure model. Bohr also found that Thomson's model was flawed, but he was afraid to express his views to Rutherford rashly because he was afraid of meeting Thomson's anger again. But after a period of intense ideological struggle, he finally knocked on the door of Rutherford's study with a feeling of anxiety. Rutherford received him warmly and listened carefully to his opinions. Rutherford praised the students' diligence and creativity, and encouraged him to organize the research results into papers. After the first draft of the document came out, important amendments were put forward. After several long nights of talks between teachers and students and word-for-word scrutiny, the paper was revised. Rutherford recommended it and two other papers written by Bohr after returning to China to the British Journal of Philosophy, one of which was entitled Atomic and Molecular Structure. After these papers were published in this journal in 19 13, they caused a great sensation in the international physics community. Bohr's "Bohr model" of atomic structure put forward in his paper won him the 1922 Nobel Prize in physics, and was therefore known as "the father of atomic structure theory". Half of his achievements are attributed to Rutherford, who is an aristocratic teacher of Thomson and has a completely opposite attitude towards new things.
Although Bohr's theory is not perfect, it represents a complete breakthrough in classical physics. He became "as famous as Einstein". Even after his death, the European scientific community still thought that he "changed the 20th century more than anyone, even Einstein". This is because Bohr and the Copenhagen Institute of Theoretical Physics, which he founded and led, have made epoch-making contributions to the development of quantum mechanics.
Bohr's success is not accidental.
First of all, he benefited from the unique growth environment. Bohr's father, Ajdero, is the father-in-law of christian bohr, a professor of physiology at Copenhagen University. He is a famous financier and politician. According to 14, an ancient and luxurious building on the German seashore is a symbol of this family's "economic strength".
Second, he benefited from his father's correct and good education. Economic prosperity does not guarantee children's success. If wealth is not used properly, children will become "dude". Old Bohr knows this well. He trained children to recite Goethe's Faust and taught them to read Shakespeare and Dickens. Take them for a walk, row a boat, watch the leaves grow, climb mountains and enjoy the rosy clouds, and teach them the knowledge of lightning ... Let the children use their brains from an early age. The following examples illustrate the correct educational methods and good intentions of old Bohr. Once, there was something wrong with the flywheel of the bicycle. Bohr insisted on repairing it himself despite his mother's opposition, but he didn't know how to install it after dismantling it. At this time, mother asked the maid to call a repairman, but father stopped her. Old Bohr said quietly, "Leave the child alone, he will know how to do it himself." Sure enough, Bohr finally reassembled the car after careful observation and research. The correct cultivation of will, morality, outlook on life and skills laid a solid foundation for Bohr's success.
Third, thank Bohr for his many excellent qualities. In this regard, we can only give two examples. One example is his distinctive sharp eyes, and he does not compromise on the mistakes in textbooks. As soon as he found the mistake, he circled it and suggested to the teacher to correct it. Even if the teacher didn't believe him, he insisted on answering the questions he thought were correct. Once, a classmate asked him, "If the physics exam happens to be in these wrong places, is it based on your answer or the answer in the book?" Bohr replied without thinking: "Of course, according to the correct answer, teachers should know what real physics is." This quality makes him the "center" where students gather in the class. His classmate Ollie later made the following review: "I clearly remember that what he did at that time left a very deep impression on us all." His character and behavior set an example for the whole class. "The second example is the character and style he inherited from his mentor Rutherford. After becoming famous, he still gets along with young people day and night, treats others equally, never puts on an authoritative shelf, and carries forward the democratic style everywhere, so he is deeply supported and respected by students. Sometimes his ideas are refuted by students. When he heard them, he was very happy. When he knew his mistakes, he would change them. He is open-minded and always says that his knowledge of mathematics is worse than that of some students, and his expression is not smooth. The more modest Bohr is, the more self-aware he is, and the more he is loved and praised by students. When someone asked Bohr why he attracted so many excellent young physicists to gather around him, Bohr replied, "I'm just not afraid to expose my stupidity in front of young people." "
Yes, since Bohr founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen, the Institute began to gather talented young scientists from all over the world when it was officially completed on September 5, 1920, making Bohr Institute one of the major scientific research centers in the world. There are often fifty or sixty foreign physicists gathered here. Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauli and Landau all studied and worked around Bohr. Many famous theoretical physicists proudly and reverently call themselves Bohr's students. At that time, "Copenhagen School" became a special term, and Bohr lived in harmony with this group of people. Therefore, in the history of science, most of the scientists who founded quantum mechanics and perfected Bohr's theory are young scientists. It is no coincidence that they have all been to Copenhagen.
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Bohr's new atomic structure model in 19 13, Denmark issued stamps in 1963.