1, Zhang Heng: Zhang Heng, born in the third year of Zhang Dijian (AD 78), is a ruined bureaucratic family in Shiqiao, Xi 'e County, Nanyang County. Grandfather Zhang Kan is a local official, who was once the prefect of Shu County and the prefect of Yuyang. When Zhang Heng was young, his family had declined, and sometimes he had to rely on relatives and friends for help. It was this poor life that enabled him to get in touch with the working people in the lower class and some production and life realities, which brought positive influence to his later scientific creation. In mathematics, geography, painting and literature, Zhang Heng showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge. Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth. Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky ball that can accurately perform astronomical phenomena, the first instrument to test earthquakes-the waiting wind seismograph, and also made a South Locomotive, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on. Zhang Heng is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling County and Ling County Map. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named a crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Hengxing". Guo Moruo, a famous writer and historian in China in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "Such an all-round development figure is rare in world history and admirable for thousands of years." Later generations called Zhang Heng "Kesheng".

2. Shen Kuo: Shen Kuo (A.D. 103 1 ~ 1095) was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Northern Song Dynasty (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

[1], Han nationality. 1 year-old, moved south to Wuyishan and Jianyang in Fujian, and then lived in Youxi in Fujian. Injong was a scholar in the eighth year of Jiayou (AD 1063). Zong Shen participated in Wang Anshi's political reform. In the fifth year of Xining (A.D. 1072), he was promoted to supervisor of Tianbu, and the following year he went to Zhejiang to inspect water conservancy and officers. In the eighth year of Xining (AD 1075), he sent envoys to Liao to refute Liao's land claims. The following year, he served as a bachelor of Hanlin, and made the third secretary right, rectifying Shaanxi salt policy. Later, Yanzhou (now Yan 'an, Shaanxi) was famous for strengthening its defense against Xixia. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Song Jun was defeated by Xixia in the battle of Yongle City and was demoted. In his later years, he wrote Meng Qian Bi Tan in Meng Xi Park, Zhenjiang. Shen Kuo's scientific achievements are manifold. He devoted himself to astronomy and advocated a new calendar similar to today's solar calendar. In physics, he recorded the principle of compass and various production methods; The existence of magnetic declination was discovered more than 400 years before Europe. The principle of concave mirror imaging is expounded. Resonance and other laws are also studied. In mathematics, he founded "gap product" (second-order arithmetic progression summation method) and "meeting circle" (knowing the diameter of the circle and the height of the bow, finding the chord and arc length of the bow). In geology, he studied the formation of alluvial plain and water erosion, and put forward the name of oil for the first time. In medicine, there are many records of effective prescriptions and many medical works. In addition, he also recorded the scientific development and production technology at that time, such as movable type printing and metal smelting method invented by Bi Sheng. Shen Kuo was interested in astronomy and geography since he was a child. He is curious and eager to learn. When he was a teenager, he lived in Quanzhou, Fujian for many years with his father, who was a state official in Quanzhou. Some of his experiences at that time were included in Meng Qian's Bi Tan. In astronomy, Shen Kuo has also made great achievements. He once made the armillary sphere, which was the main instrument for observing astronomy in ancient China. Schematic diagram showing the magnetic declination of the sun shadow.

Landscape, etc. In order to measure the exact position of Polaris, he used an armillary sphere to observe the position of Polaris every day for three months, and drew the directions of Polaris on the map on the first night, midnight and last night respectively. After careful study, he finally came to the conclusion that Polaris is three degrees away from the North Pole. This scientific basis is recorded in detail in Meng Qian Bi Tan. Shen Kuo's contribution to mathematics is also recorded in Meng Qian's Bi Tan. He developed arithmetic progression since nine chapters of arithmetic, and created a new summation method of advanced numbers-difference product number. In geometry, he invented the rounding method, that is, the method of finding the bottom and arc of the bow from the diameter and height of the known circle. Because of this, Japanese mathematician Kazuo Sanshi once gave Shen Kuo a very high evaluation. Shen Kuo Biography of the History of Song Dynasty said that he was "well-read, good at writing articles, and talked about astronomy, local chronicles, music, medicine and divination". Needham, a British historian of science, commented on Shen Kuo's Coordinates in the History of Science in China and Milestones in the History of Science and Technology in China. 1 July 9791In memory of him, the Purple Mountain Observatory of China Academy of Sciences named an asteroid 2027 discovered by the Observatory in 1964 as Shen Kuo. He is the first person in the encyclopedia Meng Qian Bi Tan to name the stone paint, petroleum water, kerosene and fierce fire oil used in history as petroleum, and has made a very detailed discussion on petroleum. British scientist Joseph Needham once called China the most outstanding figure in the history of science.

Guo Shoujing: Guo Shoujing studied astronomy, mathematics and water conservancy with his grandfather Guo. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276 Guo Shoujing)

Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu occupied Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. On the eve of reunification, he ordered the establishment of a new calendar, and Zhang Wenqian and others presided over the establishment of a new calendar management institution-Taishi Museum. Wang Xun is in charge of Taishi Bureau, assisted by Guo Shoujing. Academically, Wang Xun is responsible for calculation, while Guo is responsible for making instruments and observing. In the 15th (or 16th) year of Zhiyuan, Taishi Bureau was renamed Taishi Museum, Wang Xun was appointed Taishi Order, and Guo Shoujing set up an observatory for Zhitai History Museum. At this time, Yang Gongyi and others came to work together. After four years of hard work, a new calendar was finally compiled in the seventeenth year of Zhiyuan, which was named Chronological Calendar by Kublai Khan. Timing Calendar is an excellent calendar in ancient China. Wang Xun, Guo Shoujing and others have studied and analyzed more than 40 kinds of calendars since the Han Dynasty, absorbed the length of various calendars, and advocated that the formulation of calendars should be based on the principle of "understanding calendars" (Wang Xun) and "taking the test as the basis of calendars, not taking the test as the instrument first" (Guo Shoujing). They adopted a scientific attitude of combining theory with practice and achieved many important results. Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun, Xu Heng and others.

Guo Shoujing (12 sheets) produced the most advanced and longest-circulated calendar in ancient China —— the Service Calendar. In order to compile the calendar, he created and improved more than a dozen astronomical instruments, such as simple instrument, altimeter, climatologist, armillary sphere, upright instrument, landscape instrument and peep instrument. Twenty-seven observation stations have been set up all over the country, and a large-scale "four seas survey" has been carried out. The average error of the measured Arctic height is only 0.35; The average error of the newly measured 28-night distance is less than 5'; The new value of yellow-red intersection angle is measured, and the error is only 1'. The tropical year is 365.2425 days, which is completely consistent with the current Gregorian calendar. To commemorate Guo Shoujing's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon "Guo Shoujing Crater" and the asteroid 20 12 "Guo Shoujing Asteroid". The new instruments designed and supervised by Guo Shoujing for calendar revision include: simple instrument, altimeter, astrology instrument, exquisite instrument, upright instrument, reasoning instrument, landscape symbol, peeping instrument, solar eclipse instrument and star timer (according to historical records, it is 65,438+03, and some researchers think that the last one is either a star timer or a star timer. In Dadu (present-day Beijing), Guo Shoujing made about 200 shadow measurements in three and a half years, and determined the time of winter solstice in the 14th to 17th years of Yuan Dynasty. He calculated with reliable historical data, and found that the length of a tropical year was 365.2425 days. This value is the same as the current Gregorian calendar value in the world.

4. Newton: Sir isaac newton FRS (1642 65438+February 25th ~ 65438+March 30th 0727), member of the Royal Society, British physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In the paper Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the foundation for the next three centuries.

Newton image (2 1) is a scientific view of the physical world, which has become the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted. In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and developed the color theory based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into a visible spectrum. He also systematically expressed the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton and gottfried leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem and put forward Newton's method to approximate the zero point of function, which contributed to the study of power series. In 2005, the Royal Society conducted a poll on "Who is the most influential person in the history of science", and Newton was considered to be more influential than Albert Einstein.

Madame Curie:1867165438+/kloc-0 was born in Poland on October 7th. She is a French physicist and chemist. As a world-famous scientist, she studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium. Known as "the mother of radium" and "the mother of radioactive elements", she won the Nobel Prize twice in her life (the first physics prize and the second chemistry prize). In the process of studying radium, it took her and her husband three years and nine months to extract 0. 1g radium from several tons of slag. But in the middle of the year, her husband was unfortunately crushed to death under the wheel of the carriage. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. 1937 The Biography of Madame Curie published by my second daughter greatly influenced the world's understanding of Madame Curie. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. She can tell the location of every gram of radium in the world, which is her most outstanding place. 1934 She died of leukemia. Until 40 years after her death, there were still laser lines in her used notebook.

6. Edison:

Edison (1847 ~ 193 1) is a world-famous American electrician, scientist and inventor, and is known as the "king of inventions in the world". In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, architecture, chemical industry and other fields. Edison and his employees had about 2,000 inventions in their lifetime, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization. Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1879, Edison founded "Edison Electric Lighting Company". 1880, incandescent lamps went on sale. 1890, Edison merged its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. 189 1 year, Edison's thin filament and high vacuum incandescent bulb were patented. 1892, Tom Houston Company and Edison Electric Lighting Company merged to form the General Electric Company, and from then on, GE began its hegemony in the field of electrical appliances for a century. Edison is also known as "the father of light", "Prometheus in reality" and "the king of invention". He holds more than 2000 invention patents such as incandescent lamp, phonograph, carbon particle telephone receiver and film projector.

7. Einstein:

Albert Einstein is one of the top ten outstanding physicists in the world, a pioneer, master and founder of modern physics, and a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. He worked in Berne Patent Office and served as a university professor at Zurich University of Technology and Prague, Germany. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin, a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 persecuted by Nazi regime, moved to the United States, became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, 1940 became an American citizen. There is a well-known proverb: "Everything is relative." But Einstein's theory is not a repetition of this philosophical cliche, but an accurate mathematical expression. In this method, scientific measurement is relative. Obviously, the subjective feeling of time and space depends on the observer himself. /kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of great changes in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His general theory of relativity has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. Albert. Albert Einstein

Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, adhered to the determinism position of quantum theory explanation of "God does not roll dice" (vector sum of particle vibration and translation), and solved the long-standing problem of star energy source. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years-the precession of Mercury's perihelion (which Newton's gravity theory can't explain), and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later. On June 4th, 2009, Einstein, winner of 192 1 physics prize, was selected by the Nobel Foundation as one of the three most respected winners of the Nobel Prize 100 years.

8. Darwin: charles robert darwin (1809.2.12—1882.4.19), a British biologist, was the founder of the theory of biological evolution. As a naturalist, he took part in the voyage around the world sent by Britain and made a five-year scientific investigation. A lot of observation and collection have been made in animals, plants and geology, and after comprehensive discussion, the concept of biological evolution has been formed. 1859 published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time. It is proved by a lot of data in the book that all living things are not created by God, but constantly develop and change in heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection. From simple to complex, from low to high, the theory of biological evolution is put forward, thus destroying the idealism of "creationism" and "species invariance". Engels listed "evolution theory" as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in19th century (the other two are cell theory, energy conservation and transformation law). Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences. Besides biology, his theory is also important to anthropology, psychology and philosophy. 1859 The Origin of Species was published, and the first edition 1250 copies sold out on the same day. Later, Darwin spent twenty years collecting data, enriching his theory of species evolution through natural selection, and expounding its consequences and significance. As a creative person who does not pursue fame, Darwin avoided the controversy about his theory. Darwin wrote several books for scientists and psychologists when religious fanatics attacked the theory of evolution as contrary to the biblical theory of creation. The origin and sexual selection of human beings reports the evidence that human beings evolved from lower life forms, that animals and humans have similar psychological processes, and that natural selection occurred in the process of evolution.

9. galileo galilei (65438+February 25th, 0564-1642[ 1]) is a pioneer of modern experimental physics, and is known as the "father of modern science". He is an indomitable truth fighter. Engels called him "one of the giants who can break old theories and create new ones regardless of any obstacles". 1564 was born in Pisa on February 5th. He first proposed and proved that two objects with the same shape but different weights fall at the same speed. He opposed the stereotype of the church. As a result, he was persecuted by the church in his later years and imprisoned for life. He overthrew many of Aristotle's viewpoints with systematic experiments and observations. Therefore, he is called the father of modern science, modern observational astronomy, modern physics, science and modern science. His work laid the foundation for Newton's theoretical system. 1590, Galileo made a famous experiment of "two balls landing at the same time" on the leaning tower of Pisa, which overthrew Aristotle's theory that "the falling speed of an object is proportional to its weight" and corrected this erroneous conclusion that lasted for 1900. 1609, Galileo made an astronomical telescope (later called galileo telescope) and used it to observe celestial bodies. He found the unevenness on the surface of the moon and drew the first map of the moon himself. 161065438+17 October, Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter, which provided conclusive evidence for Copernicus' theory and marked the beginning of its victory. With the help of a telescope, Galileo also discovered Saturn's rings, sunspots, the rotation of the sun, the profit and loss phenomena of Venus and Mercury, the balance between the moon's Sunday and Zhou Yue, and the fact that the Milky Way is composed of countless stars. These discoveries ushered in a new era of astronomy. Galileo provided inspiration for Newton's first law and Newton's second law of motion.

10, Nobel: 1833 10 10 was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Mother became a descendant of the famous Swedish naturalist Rudbach by discovering lymphatic vessels. He learned the basic knowledge of engineering from his father, Emmanuel Nobel, and he was as talented as his father in invention and creation. Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, is an inventor and owns a large machinery factory in Russia. His father engaged in large-scale mine production in St. Petersburg on 1840- 1859. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean war. He invented the boiler system for home heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and manufactured a large forging hammer, and transformed the factory equipment. 1853 in may, tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded Emmanuel nobel a medal in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's endless creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a brilliant road of scientific invention.

The Nobel family left Stockholm on 1842 to reunite with their father in St. Petersburg at that time. Among his 299 invention patents, there are 129 inventions about explosives, so Nobel is called the king of explosives. Nobel has never been married and has no children. Suffering from illness for most of my life. He had two famous sayings before his death: "I care more about the belly of the living than commemorating the dead in the form of a monument" and "I don't see any honor I deserve, and I'm not interested in it". What a simple language! But it tells the truth. Luxurious language, language wrapped in a gorgeous coat, sometimes doesn't work.

1 1, Qian Xuesen (1912.11-2009.10.31) China is an excellent party member, a loyal communist fighter, an outstanding scientist renowned at home and abroad, the founder of China's space industry, and one of the winners of China's two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal. He used to be a professor at MIT and a professor at California Institute of Technology. Qian Xuesen entered the High School Attached to Beijing Normal University in September 1923, was admitted to the second publicly-funded international student in Tsinghua University in June/935, entered the Department of Aeronautics of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in September, and transferred to the Department of Aeronautics of California Institute of Technology in September 1936, becoming a student of the world-famous aerodynamic professor von Carmen, and soon became the most famous von Carmen. He received a master's degree in aviation engineering and a doctorate in aviation mathematics. From July 1938 to August 1955, Qian Xuesen worked in the fields of aerodynamics, solid mechanics, rockets and missiles in the United States, cooperated with his tutor to complete the research project of high-speed aerodynamics, and established the "Carmen-Qian approximation" formula. At the age of 28, he became a world-famous aerodynamicist. 1950, Comrade Qian Xuesen tried to return to the motherland. Kimble, then undersecretary of the US Navy, declared: "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions wherever he goes. I would rather kill him in America than let him leave. " Comrade Qian Xuesen was persecuted by the American government, placed under house arrest and lost his freedom. 1955 10 After Premier Zhou Enlai's continuous efforts in diplomatic negotiations with the United States-even at the expense of releasing 15 senior American generals captured in the Korean War, Comrade Qian Xuesen finally broke through various obstacles and returned to the motherland. 1958 Since April, I have been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time, working for rocket and missile technology in China.

12, Mendeleev: 1834 was born in Tobolsk, Siberia on February 7, and 1907 died in Petersburg (now St. Petersburg) on February 2. 1848 entered Petersburg College, 1850 studied chemistry in Petersburg Teachers College, 1855 obtained the teacher qualification certificate and won the gold medal. After graduation, he became a teacher in Odessa Middle School. 1856 got an advanced degree in chemistry, 1857 got a university position for the first time, and served as an associate professor at the University of Petersburg. From 65438 to 0859, he went to Heidelberg University in Germany for further study. 1860 participated in the International Congress of Chemists held in Karlsruhe. 186 1 year, he returned to Petersburg to engage in scientific writing. 1863, he was a professor at the technical college; 1864, Mendeleev was a professor of chemistry at the technical college; 1865, he received a doctorate in chemistry. 65438-0866 Professor of General Chemistry, 65438-0867 Director of Chemistry Teaching and Research Section. 1893, director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. 1890 was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society. 1907 On February 2nd, the world-renowned Russian chemist died of myocardial infarction in Petersburg (now Leningrad) at the age of 73. Mendeleev's greatest contribution to the development of chemistry lies in his discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements. On the basis of criticizing and inheriting the work of predecessors, he revised, analyzed and summarized a large number of experimental facts, and summed up such a law: the properties of elements (and their simple substances and compounds) change periodically with the increase of atomic weight (now called relative atomic mass according to national standards), that is, the periodic law of elements. He compiled the first periodic table of elements according to the periodic law of elements, and listed all the 63 elements that had been discovered in the table, which initially completed the task of systematizing elements. He also left a vacancy in the table, predicted the properties of unknown elements such as boron, aluminum and silicon (Mendeleev called them boron-like, aluminum-like and silicon-like, that is, scandium, gallium and germanium later discovered), and pointed out that the atomic weights of some elements determined at that time were wrong. Moreover, he did not mechanically arrange the atomic weight values in the periodic table. Years later, all his predictions were confirmed. The success of Mendeleev's work caused a shock in the scientific community. In order to commemorate his achievements, people call the periodic law and periodic table of elements Mendeleev's periodic law and periodic table of elements.

13, lavoisier: a famous French chemist. One of the founders of modern chemistry. 1743 was born in Paris on August 26th, and 1794 died in the same place on May 8th. 1743 was born in Paris on August 26th. In 763, he obtained a bachelor's degree in law and a lawyer's practice certificate, and then turned to natural science. His earliest chemical paper was Study on Gypsum, which was published in Journal of Paris Academy of Sciences 1768. He pointed out that gypsum is a compound formed by sulfuric acid and lime, which releases steam when heated. 1765 Elected alternate academician of Paris Academy of Sciences. 1768, he successfully developed a floating and sinking instrument, which can be used to analyze mineral water. From 65438 to 0775, he was the director of the Royal Gunpowder Bureau, which had a very good laboratory in which lavoisier did a lot of research. 1775, lavoisier studied oxygen. He found that the increased mass during combustion was just the decreased oxygen mass. It used to be thought that combustible substances absorbed some air when burning, but in fact they absorbed oxygen and combined with it, which completely overturned the combustion theory of phlogiston. 65438-0778 Professor of Royal Academy of Sciences. 1794 was executed in Paris on 8 May.

14 amp:

1775 65438+/kloc-0 was born in a wealthy family in Lyon on October 20th, and died in Marseille on June 1836. From 65438 to 0802, he was a professor of physics and chemistry at Bourjean-Bryce Central School. 1808 was appointed as the Governor of Imperial University of France, and has been in this position ever since; 18 14 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematics of Imperial College London; 18 19 presided over the philosophy lecture of the University of Paris; 1824 professor of experimental physics, French college. The most important achievement of Ampere is the study of electromagnetic action from 1820 to 1827. 1820 In July, after H.C. Oster published a paper on the magnetic effect of current, Ampere reported his experimental results: the electrified coil is similar to a magnet; On September 25, he reported that two current-carrying wires interact with each other, and parallel currents in the same direction attract each other, while parallel currents in the opposite direction repel each other; The attraction and repulsion between the two coils are also discussed. Through a series of classic and simple experiments, he realized that magnetism is produced by moving electricity. He used this view to explain the causes of geomagnetism and material magnetism. He put forward the molecular flow hypothesis. Today, with the high development of science, Ampere's molecular current hypothesis has real content and becomes an important basis for understanding the magnetism of matter. In order to further illustrate the interaction between currents, during the period of 182 1 ~ 1825, Ampere made four exquisite experiments on the interaction between currents, and based on these four experiments, the interaction force formula between two current elements was deduced. 1827, Ampere incorporated his research on electromagnetic phenomena into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics Phenomenon, which is an important classical treatise in the history of electromagnetism and has a far-reaching influence on the future development of electromagnetism. In order to commemorate the outstanding contribution of ampere in electricity, the unit ampere of current is named after his surname.

15, joule: JamesPrescottJoule；; 1818 65438+February 24th-1889 65438+1October1), a British physicist, was born in salford, a suburb of Manchester. Joule followed his father to participate in wine-making work since childhood and never formally taught Joule.

Education. When he was young, under the introduction of others, Joule met the famous chemist Dalton. Dalton gave Joule enthusiastic guidance. Joule humbly learned mathematics, philosophy and chemistry from him, which laid a theoretical foundation for Joule's later research. Moreover, Dalton taught Joule the scientific research method of combining theory with practice, stimulated Joule's interest in chemistry and physics, and decided to engage in scientific research with his encouragement. His first important paper was sent to the Royal Society in 1840. In the paper, he pointed out the relationship between the heat emitted by electrical conductors and the current intensity, conductor resistance and current-on time, which is Joule's law. Joule put forward the law of conservation and transformation of energy: energy will neither disappear nor be generated out of thin air, but can only be transformed from one form to another, or from one object to another, while the total amount of energy remains unchanged, which laid the foundation for the first law of thermodynamics (the principle of energy immortality). Elected as a member of the Royal Society. Because of his contributions to heat, thermodynamics and electricity, the Royal Society awarded him the highest honor-the Kopre Medal.

Michael faraday (16, A.D. 179 1 ~ A.D. 1867), a British physicist and chemist, is also a famous self-taught scientist. Born into a poor blacksmith family in Newington, Surrey. Only attended elementary school. 183 1 year, he made a key breakthrough in the force field and changed human civilization forever. 1865438+In May 2005, he returned to the Royal Institute to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. 1824 1 was elected as a member of the royal society, 1825 was appointed as the laboratory director of the royal society in February, and 1833- 1862 was appointed as the chemistry professor of the royal society. 1846 was awarded the Renford Medal and the Royal Medal. Two reasons are enough to show that this discovery can go down in history. First, Faraday's law is more important for understanding electromagnetism theoretically. Secondly, as Faraday demonstrated with his first generator (Faraday disk), electromagnetic induction can be used to generate continuous current. Although modern generators supplying power to towns and factories are much more complicated than those invented by Faraday, they are all made according to the same electromagnetic induction principle. Faraday's life was great, but Faraday was ordinary. He is simple, unsociable and selfish, and likes to help relatives and friends. In order to concentrate on scientific research, he gave up all well-paid business jobs. 1857, he declined the nomination of the Royal Society to elect him president. He is willing to fulfill his commitment to science as a civilian, and work in the laboratory of the Royal Academy for life, becoming an ordinary michael faraday.

17, Linnai: 1707 was born in Sweden. Linnai's father is a country priest. He likes gardening very much and carefully manages the flowers and trees in the garden in his spare time. When I was a child, influenced by my father, Linnai liked plants very much. He once said: "This garden, together with breast milk, inspired my irresistible love for plants." At the age of eight, he was nicknamed "Little Botanist". Linnai often asks his father about plants he doesn't know, and his father tells him in detail. Sometimes when Linnaeus asked his father, he couldn't remember all the questions, and repeated questions appeared. In this regard, his father urged Linnai to strengthen his memory by "not answering his questions", so that his memory was well exercised from an early age and he knew more and more plant species. In primary and secondary schools, Linnai's study is not outstanding, but he has an unusual interest in trees and flowers. He spent most of his time and energy collecting plant specimens in the wild and reading botanical works. Linnaeus's main achievements in biology are the establishment of artificial classification system and binomial nomenclature. In his view: "The first step of knowledge is to understand things themselves. This means having an accurate understanding of objective things; Through orderly classification and accurate naming, we can distinguish objective objects ... classification and naming are the basis of science. " The book Natural System is the representative work of Linnaeus's artificial classification system. Before Linnaeus, because there was no uniform naming rules, scholars all over the world named plants according to their own working methods, which brought difficulties to botanical research. Its difficulties are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the confusion of naming the same thing with different names and naming foreign things with the same names; Second, the scientific names of plants are lengthy; The third is the gap between language and writing. According to the characteristics of stamens and pistils, Linnai divided plants into 24 classes, 1 16 orders, 1000 genera and 10 000 species. The concept of class, order, genus and species classification was put forward by Linnaeus. Linnaeus named botany in Latin, unified terminology and promoted communication. He adopted binomial nomenclature, that is, the common name of plants consists of two parts, the former is a common name and needs nouns; The latter is a kind of name and needs adjectives. Linnaeus is the founder of modern plant taxonomy.

18, Leibniz 19, Archimedes 20, ohm