In 146 BC, Rome entered the late period of * * * and the Republic period. During this period, there was an all-round crisis in Rome, slave uprisings surged, civilian movements surged, and social contradictions and class contradictions were extremely acute and complicated. The concentrated expression of this crisis is the crisis of political system, that is to say, because the development of slavery has reached its peak, the form of * * * rule is out of date, and the establishment of monarchy is an inevitable requirement to adapt to the development of slavery. However, because Rome and the Republic of China have always been monopolized by the elders and nobles, the dispute over restructuring has great resistance, long duration and a lot of bloodshed. From BC 133 to BC 12 1 year, Gracchus's democratic reform was fiercely attacked by the elders and nobles, and was brutally slaughtered by the reactionary nobles after its failure. Although this reform failed, it opened the prelude to the Roman civil war era. Now the elders and nobles slaughter the masses by violence first, and then they will intensify their killings, and those who oppose the elders will also meet each other, turning from civil strife to civil war. Since then, the anti-patriarchal forces have continued the reformist tradition and issued a call for a civilian movement. However, the historical mission of the struggle against the suzerain is not to divide the land equally according to the demands of civilians and safeguard small farmers, but to crack down on the suzerain, change the system and establish the Roman Empire under military dictatorship and emperor rule. It was in the situation of crisis and fierce internal struggle in the late Roman Republic that many heroes emerged.
The two uprisings in uprising of sicilian slaves in BC 138- 132 and BC104-1year and the Great Uprising in Sparta in BC 73-7 1 year greatly shook the Roman ruling class and seriously destroyed the military and political affairs of the elders and nobles. When no elder dares to be a consul, it becomes an opportunity for other forces to take advantage of it. At this time, Krasus gained the ruling power, and Caesar and others made a comeback, which objectively promoted the historical transformation of monarch replacing harmony.
In 60 BC, three new powerful figures, Caesar, Krasus and Pompeii, entered the political arena and formed the "first tripartite alliance". In 58 BC, Caesar became the governor of Gaul, accumulating strength in the long Gaul War. In 53 BC, Krasus was killed in the battle with the rest, so the three heads left first, and the confrontation between Caesar and Pompeii became increasingly obvious. After the Gaul War, Caesar's book The Battle of Gaul was widely circulated in Rome to publicize his great achievements to the citizens. More importantly, he mastered unprecedented strength, with 10 legions under his command, and even more huge wealth plundered in the Gaul War for him to snare partisans and buy off the masses in Rome. This situation made Pompey's alliance with the Senate closer, and they took aim at Caesar and his henchmen. In 50 BC, the Senate and Pompeii made a decision that Caesar should surrender his military power and be dismissed when the term of the second Gaul Governor expired (March 49 BC). This is tantamount to publicly announcing the rupture of the "three-headed alliance." Kay withdrew the letter and asked Pompeii to give up the military power, otherwise he would never obey and would not hesitate to meet each other. The Senate regarded this letter as a challenge and decided on New Year's Day 49 years ago that Caesar should step down immediately. Antonio, the tribune of Caesar, was persecuted for exercising his veto power and was forced to flee to Caesar's military camp in southern Gaul (northern Italy), and the Roman civil war was on the verge. The Senate immediately declared Caesar a public enemy and the whole country entered a state of emergency. Pompey was ordered to summon troops to defend Rome, and soon the civil war officially began.
After listening to Anthony's report, Caesar decided to attack regardless of the danger that only 1 legion was left around him. In BC 1 year, he led the army across the Rubicon River, the border between Italy and Gaul provinces, and rushed to Rome with lightning speed. This is a famous military action in history, decisive, decisive and rapid. "Crossing the Rubicon River" has become an allusion to a decisive and indomitable action.
Pompeii estimated that once the war was declared, it would take time for both sides to assemble their troops, so they were unprepared for the lightning action of crossing the Rubicon in Kaiser. Caesar's March was in full swing, and Pompeii and the elders and nobles were caught off guard and unable to resist, and fled to Greece in a hurry. After capturing Rome, Caesar decided to annihilate Pompeii's main force (7 legions) in Spain, so as to ensure the security of the rear and grasp the strategic initiative. He led six legions into Spain. Pompeii, who lost his leader, surrendered without serious resistance, and Caesar occupied the whole of Spain.
In order to prepare for the decisive battle, Caesar carried out the policy of equal rights between residents and Romans in all provinces and expanded his social foundation. His army soared to 18 legion, while Pompeii had only nine legions in Greece. However, Pompeii, which has a vast territory in the east, still has an advantage in the number of soldiers and military supplies and holds the right to control the sea. In 49 BC, 165438+ 10, Caesar led seven legions to unexpectedly land in Greece and began to move eastward. However, his other expeditionary force (4 legions, 1 cavalry) failed to land on time because the enemy controlled the sea power, and did not join forces with Caesar until the spring of 48 BC. Unfortunately, Pompeii delayed the fighter plane and failed to annihilate Caesar's army. After the troops joined forces, Caesar besieged several legions of Pompeii in the barracks of Tirasi (now Durres, Albania). However, the three-month siege was unsuccessful and had to be evacuated to Thessaly. When Pompeii saw the enemy retreating, he immediately led the army in pursuit. The two sides fought a decisive battle in Faselas in August 48 BC. Caesar suddenly attacked Pompeii's elite cavalry with an ambush of 3,000, causing the enemy's left wing to break up, while Pompeii's inspector was ineffective, failing to consolidate the counterattack of China's army in time, and finally losing. Pompeii fled to Egypt after defeat and was killed soon. Three days after Pompeii's death, Caesar pursued Pompeii's legion and landed in Egypt. He got involved in the civil strife in Egypt, defeated King Ptolemy's army and made Queen Cleopatra king. Mithradati's son in Asia rebelled, and Caesar rushed to his place and won the battle. History left his famous saying "I came, I saw, I won". In 46 BC, Caesar landed in Africa again and defeated optimates' army near Tapsus. Then he went to Spain and defeated the armies of two sons of Pompeii in the Battle of Mengda in 45 BC, thus successfully ending the civil war.
The first stage of the Roman Civil War ended with Caesar defeating Pompeii and the old aristocratic army. As a result of the war, Caesar established a personal military dictatorship. He was not only elected as a dictator for life, but also held the titles of Commander-in-Chief, Patriarch and Father of the Motherland. He was a veritable military dictator, or the first emperor in Roman history. In the future, Caesar was regarded as synonymous with the emperor in western history, and the word "sand" of the Russian tsar also originated from this. However, his dictatorship failed to completely eliminate the influence of * * * and traditional habits. He didn't expect the old elders of the Senate to use this traditional power to turn some of their cronies into factions and conspire to kill them under the banner of opposing dictatorship and restoring * * *. He also didn't expect his marriage with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, and his son Caesar Lyon to become a scandal that the enemy made full use of. On March 15, 44 BC, brutus, one of Caesar's cronies, and his partner Gaius Gaius Cassius Longinus Langjinus stabbed Caesar 23 times in the conference hall of the Senate, and a generation of Tianjiao died by the sword of his cronies.
After Caesar's death, Anthony became the main leader of Caesar's Sect. He sent troops to suppress the riots of civilians and slaves caused by Caesar's funeral. Due to the lack of unified planning of Caesar faction under Anthony's leadership in the power struggle, the status of the Senate headed by Cicero, the "master of Roman prose", has been improved. In addition, Caesar's adopted son Octavian, a young man of only 18 years old, suddenly stepped into Roman politics, which also gave the Senate an opportunity. Octavian, Caesar's nephew (grandson of his sister), was designated as the heir in Caesar's will and got three quarters of the inheritance. Antony and Caesar's generals despised the young man who came from other places to attend the funeral, but Octavian was extraordinary and courageous. He knew that Caesar's reputation and property had become his powerful weapon, so he made great use of it, recruited talents, strengthened his strength and won the hearts of the people. He actually resisted Anthony's exclusion and set up his own business. Cicero and the Senate also showed great respect for him and used him against Anthony.
In the spring of 43 BC, after Anthony was rejected by the Senate as governor of Gaul, he immediately resorted to force. He sent troops to seize power and surrounded the former governor of Gaul in Mutina. The Senate and Octavian sent troops to clear up, and Anthony retreated to North Gaul to unite with another important general of Caesar. Octavian was rejected by the Senate after winning, and his repeated requests to be consul were rejected, so he was forced to be consul in Rome. In this case, Octavian, Anthony and Rebida finally formed a "post-ternary alliance" in the autumn of 43 BC. The tripartite agreement ruled the world for five years: Anthony ruled Gaul, Octavian controlled Africa, Sicily and Sardinia, Rabida ruled Spain, Italy and Rome were ruled by three people, and the East was in the hands of * * * and brutus. They killed Caesar and fled, and Anthony and Octavian dealt with it. This partition agreement was approved by the Roman Assembly and won the title of "Three Heads of Founding a Country". Taking full charge of state affairs within five years shows that the * * * peace system has existed in name only. After the three leaders came to power, they immediately massacred and cleaned the * * * faction, and the elders and nobles headed by Cicero were almost killed. In 42 BC, Antony and Octavian marched into Greece and fought brutus at Philippi. Brutus committed suicide, and the * * * pacifists withdrew from Roman politics forever. In 40 BC, the latter three heads divided their spheres of influence again: Anthony ruled the East, Octavian ruled Italy and Gaul, and Rebida ruled North Africa. Octavian, who lived in Rome, took advantage of the advantage of being close to the water, gradually reached a compromise with the elders, knights and other upper-level rulers, and assumed himself as a citizen leader, gradually accumulating strong strength.
In 36 BC, Octavian eliminated the influence of Pompeii's son, Little Pompeii, in Sicily and Sardinia, relieved Rebida of his military power, leaving him only the title of Grand Dean, and the three-headed confrontation became a confrontation between two males. Anthony inherited Caesar's weakness, followed Caesar's footsteps in the East, formally married Cleopatra, was obsessed with beauty, and declared that he would give his territory to Cleopatra's son. These scandals provided Octavian with the best ammunition against Anthony. In 32 BC, the three-headed division agreement expired for five years, which became the starting point for Octavian and Anthony to break up publicly. Octavian forced two pro-Anthony consuls and 300 elders to flee eastward by force, and asked the Senate and the Civil Assembly to declare Anthony an "enemy of the motherland" and declare war on the Queen of Egypt. The second phase of the Roman Civil War officially began.
In September of 3 1 BC, Octavian and Antony fought at the Greek Cape Aksin. The two sides were evenly matched in this campaign, and the outcome was close at the beginning of the war. However, Cleopatra, who was in charge of the war, led the Egyptian fleet to retreat to China at the height of the fighting, followed by Anthony, who was completely annihilated. Aksin's victory established Octavian's power to rule the whole empire and became the true heir to Caesar's cause. In the summer of 30 BC, Octavian marched into Egypt, surrounded Alexandria and Anthony committed suicide. After Cleopatra was captured, he still tried to confuse Octavian with his old tricks, but Octavian, as Caesar's heir, did not inherit Caesar's weakness of infatuation with beauty. Cleopatra lamented that he was "useless" and had to commit suicide. The Ptolemaic Dynasty perished and Egypt was incorporated into Rome. In 27 BC, Octavian was awarded the title of "Augustus" by the Senate, which ended the late Roman civil war with the birth of the Roman Empire.
The civil war in Rome opened a new page in Roman history, which made Roman slavery develop from * * * to a new stage of monarchy. This civil war greatly promoted the development of military art, especially Julius Caesar pushed Roman military art to its peak. Caesar is the most outstanding strategist and commander in chief in Rome. He is good at directing wars according to different political, economic and military situations, and is far-sighted in solving major strategic problems. He and his successor Octavian have the same characteristics in strategy, that is, they have a keen political mind, can grasp military issues from the height of the overall political situation, and realize the perfect combination of political goals and military means. In terms of strategy and tactics, Caesar is good at choosing the main attack direction, cleverly dividing the enemy and breaking them one by one. When he meets the enemy quickly, boldly and flexibly, he usually concentrates his forces and severely attacks one of the enemy's flanks; There are usually strong reserves in battle formations. As an important part of battle formation, reserve is a pioneering work in the history of military art, which is used to strengthen the assault force of troops in the main attack direction, carry out decisive battles and expand the results.