This harmonious teacher-student relationship in "The Analects of Confucius" can be examined from many aspects.

(1) Tireless teaching: teacher-student relationship in the classroom

Confucius often praised those students who were eager to learn in class. Yan Yuan is the most famous among them. "The Analects of Confucius·Zihan" records Confucius's words: "He who speaks without being lazy will also respond to it!" It means that by the end of the class, only Yan Yuan was left who worked tirelessly. I saw so many scholars starting classes during the May 4th Movement, and some students skipped classes. Then I looked back and heard Confucius say, "He who speaks without being lazy will return to it." It's very kind to me. Listen and listen. Since Yan Yuan is the one who speaks without being lazy, then who is the one who speaks without being lazy? have no idea. Mr. Kong doesn’t seem to have checked the list at the Student Affairs Office.

Furthermore, where have the "people who are lazy in speaking" gone? Don't know either. I'm afraid there are some who skip class and some who fall asleep in class.

"The Analects of Confucius·Gongye Chang" records that Zaiyu took a nap during the day, so he neither skipped classes nor listened to them. Confucius also lost his temper over this and said, "Rotten wood cannot be carved."

At critical moments, more of Confucius’ students skipped classes. "The Analects of Confucius: Advanced": "Those who follow me from Chen and Cai are not as good as the others." Among those who followed Chen and Cai, "Historical Records: Confucius Family" said there were Yan Yuan, Zigong, and Zi Lu; "Biography of Disciples" said there was Zizhang; "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Shen Ren Pian" states that there are five people in total. He failed the test.

Where are the other students? have no idea. Mr. Kong didn’t seem to punish them later. If you have a hand in the decision, you won't fail the exam.

Even among the five people who followed, not everyone followed closely. "The Analects of Confucius·Advanced": "The son is afraid of Kuang, and Yan Yuan is the queen." This means that even Yan Yuan had a record of skipping classes when he was in trouble with Kuang people. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Encouragement to Learning" states that Yan Yuan "went with his master and suddenly encountered difficulties from Kuang people" and "he would have hidden himself far away from harm, or followed other detours, so he was behind him". Yan Yuan skipped class and gave a little explanation.

(2) Everyone expresses his or her own ambitions: the teacher-student relationship in examinations

As a great educator, Confucius seemed to conduct "open-book examinations" when conducting examinations on students, and It is a discussion-style "open book exam". His test papers have never had any weird questions. The common questions are "Everyone expresses his will" and "Everyone expresses his wish", which is somewhat similar to some questions asked by Hong Kong universities in mainland admissions. For Mainland admissions to Hong Kong universities, one question from Lingnan University in Hong Kong is "Talk about your ideals and interests" and requires "Talk about one point, don't cover everything"; the Department of Communication at the Chinese University of Hong Kong has a question in question "What are your career plans?"

The difference is that while Confucius was testing students, he also gave answers himself, which was equivalent to taking the test at the same time and discussing with the students.

"The Analects of Confucius·Gongye Chang": "Yan Yuan and Ji Lu waited on each other. Confucius said: 'What do you say about your aspirations?' Zilu said: 'I wish you could have chariots and horses, and light clothes, and be with friends. . I have no regrets. 'Yan Yuan said: 'I wish there would be no good deeds and no effort'. 'Zi Lu said: 'I would like to hear your ambition.

Zilu handed the test paper to the teacher. Instead of being angry, the teacher gave his answer very frankly as a kind of education to the students.

Confucius had his own consistent guiding ideology when conducting examinations on students.

"The Analects of Confucius·Zihan" said: "Zi Jue four: no intention, no necessity, no solidity, no self." I think the "four no's" mentioned here can be regarded as Confucius's The concept of education can also be regarded as Confucius’s concept of examination.

Luo Jialun's "Learning and Wisdom": "Not meaning can be interpreted as not being able to do everything based on meaning. It is not necessary to make judgments without basis. This is Prejudice, and Prejudice is inconsistent with the spirit of scientific inquiry. Compatible. It does not have to be dogmatic. Dogmatism is the opposite of being open-minded. It is often based on incomplete knowledge and unreasonable opinions. It does not have to be stubborn (Obstinate) and refuse new things. , new assumptions. Falling into a cage without extricating yourself, getting into the horns of a bull without extricating yourself.

I cannot be self-centered and take myself as the starting point (Ego-centric predicament). Arrogant arrogance is what is called self-grasping. This kind of hidden view is neither logically nor epistemologically acceptable. "

(3) Silent words and quick actions: the teacher-student relationship in life

"Book of Rites·Confucianism" records: "Gong Ai of Lu asked Confucius: 'Master's clothes , whose Confucianism and? ’ Confucius said to him: ‘Qiu Shao lives in Lu and wears the clothes of Fengye; he lives in the Song Dynasty and is crowned Zhangfu. Qiu Wenzhi also said that a gentleman's knowledge is also profound, and his clothes are also native. Qiu doesn't know how to wear Confucian clothes. ’” Yang Tianyu’s “Book of Rites Translation and Annotation” translated this paragraph into vernacular, saying: “Duke Ai of Lu asked Confucius: ‘Sir’s clothes, are they the clothes of a Confucian scholar? ’ Confucius replied: ‘When I was a boy, I lived in the State of Lu and wore clothes with wide sleeves; when I grew up, I lived in the State of Song and wore the crown of Zhangfu. I heard that a gentleman's knowledge should be extensive and his clothes should conform to the customs. I don't know what Confucian clothing is. ’”

"The Analects of Confucius·Xiangdang" says: "You will never tire of fine food, and you will never tire of fine meat"; "If you don't eat from time to time. If the cut is not correct, it will not be eaten. "If you can't get the sauce, you won't eat it"; "If you sell wine and sell preserved fruits, you won't eat it", etc. This is a Confucius who also adheres to "etiquette" when eating.

However, he sincerely advocates frugality and simplicity Confucius said in "The Analects of Confucius: Xue Er": "A gentleman has nothing to eat and nothing to live in. If he is quick at things and cautious in speaking, he is righteous and righteous. He can be said to be eager to learn." "Reading these words, everyone can feel the spiritual pursuit of Mr. Kong. The so-called "one basket of food, one cup of drink", in the back alleys, there is also joy in it. This is exactly the so-called "you will never tire of fine food, and you will never tire of fine food." Confucius.

How to understand this seemingly contradictory situation?

Eating is also the classroom where he educates his students. It is said that during the days when Chen and Cai were in trouble, Confucius took a nap one day and "Yan Hui took some rice and cooked it." The rice was almost cooked, and Confucius saw Yan Hui grabbing the pot with his hands from a distance. After eating the rice, he "pretended not to see it." Soon, the rice was cooked, and Yan Hui invited the teacher to eat. Confucius said, "I just dreamed of my father, and I want to sacrifice him with food." Yan Hui said, "No." There was dust from the house falling into the pot just now. I couldn't bear to throw away the rice because I had eaten it. This rice can no longer be used for sacrifices. "Confucius had to be moved by his honesty.

(4) Wealth and wealth: the teacher-student relationship in the face of money

Confucius advocated enriching the people throughout his life.

Reading "The Analects of Confucius·Zilu", Confucius saw Wei's concubines and advocated the teaching of wealth, which is very impressive.

Reading "Shuoyuan·Jianben" again, Zigong asked about the government, and Confucius said: " Rich. Since he is rich, he should teach him. This is the foundation of governing the country. "It can be seen that it is consistent.

"Shuoyuan·Zhengli" records that Duke Ai of Lu asked about politics. Confucius said: "Government is to make the people rich and live longer. " He believed that "the people will be rich if the taxes are thin and the people are rich." However, Confucius's idea of ??enriching the people was not implemented.

"Shuoyuan·Zhengli" records that Confucius criticized Zigong for redeeming people to the princes and returning them to the princes. Qi Jin said to the point: "Today, the rich in Lu are few and the poor are numerous." In other words, the king of Lu did not accept Confucius's strategy of "thinning the wealth and reducing the wealth". "The Analects of Confucius: Wei Zi" records Zilu's lament, saying: "It is already known that the Tao is not feasible. " From this point alone, you can tell.

He was very short of money, but refused to get it. "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Li Su Lan Gao Yi" said: "Confucius met Qi Jinggong, and Jinggong Zhi Linqiu thought it was nourishing. Confucius refused to accept his words, so he went to address his disciples and said, "I heard that a gentleman should be rewarded for his merit." Now let’s talk about Jinggong. Jinggong gave Linqiu to him before his trip. It’s too bad that he didn’t know Qiu! ’ Let the disciples drive with pleasure and say goodbye. "On this matter, "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" commented that "the choice is unscrupulous", which I think is very appropriate.

This is true for princes and dignitaries, and it is also true for students. "Confucius' Family Sayings: Thoughts" has a The story goes that it started to rain heavily when Confucius went out and there was no umbrella around him. His disciples said, "Zixia has one." "Confucius did not agree to borrow an umbrella from him. The reason was that "Shang is a man who is very short of money" and was relatively stingy. Confucius usually understood that such an impression would be caused, so he refused to borrow an umbrella. He believed that when getting along with others, one should show others' kindness. Strengths should not highlight other people's shortcomings. It would be better to get wet in the rain than to borrow an umbrella.

Confucius never hid his wealth. "The Analects of Confucius·Shu Er": Confucius said: "Wealth is something to be desired. Even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it." It seems that as long as the income is good, he is not picky about the type of work. However, he sticks to his principles. "The Analects of Confucius: Li Ren": "Wealth and honor are what people want. If you don't follow the way to get them, you can't get them. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate. If you don't follow the ways to get them, you can't get rid of them."

(5) Zi meets Nanzi: Teacher-student relationship in the face of scandal

"The Analects of Confucius·Zihan": Confucius said: "I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as he loves sex." "The Analects of Confucius·Ling Gong of Wei": Confucius said: "That's it! I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as he loves sex."

"The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye" said: "When Zi saw Nanzi, Zilu didn't say . Confucius said: "He who rejects this will be hated by heaven."

Confucius himself may not be very happy after meeting Nanzi. If you are not happy and want to go see me, of course you have no choice but to do so. He was unhappy to begin with, but when he came back, he had to look at the students' faces. One can imagine how Confucius felt.

The problem is that Zilu is just a student. Why can a student express such displeasure to his teacher?

Please go to a "modern" campus and find out how many students are like Zilu who dare to openly and boldly express their "displeasure" to the teacher's words and deeds? Sometimes you just want to skip a class, and the teacher will have to fight with you, or even have a so-called "physical conflict". How can you openly express "unhappiness"? Many very "modern" teachers cannot tolerate students saying no to them at all.

First of all, this is determined by Zilu’s personal character. Zilu was a man who kept his words and deeds consistent throughout his life. "The Analects of Confucius·Gongye Chang": "Zilu has heard of it, but he who has not done it yet is afraid of hearing it." "The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan": "Zilu has no promises." In Zilu's view, there should never be a double relationship between teachers and students. standard. No matter what, since students are required to do this, teachers themselves must take the lead in doing so. The so-called setting an example is the first element of being a role model.

Secondly, of course, it is due to the teacher’s consistent trust. Confucius always believed that Zilu was loyal and honest. In "The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang", Confucius lamented that "if the Tao is not good enough, he rides on a raft and floats in the sea. He who follows me will find his way." This shows how much Confucius relied on him. As for the behavioral basis for criticism, "The Analects of Confucius Li Ren" has the teaching of "how to give advice to parents". The most important thing is that Confucius, a teacher, is different from many "modern" teachers. Confucius sincerely welcomes students to criticize him face to face. Not just students, anyone can criticize as long as what they say makes sense. "The Analects of Confucius·Advanced" records that Confucius criticized Yan Hui and said: "Hui is not someone who helps me. He talks to me about everything." It can be seen that teachers do not necessarily like students who "talk to me about everything" .

Judging from Zilu's consistent performance, when Zi meets Nanzi, Zilu "doesn't say" after the fact; sometimes, Zilu "doesn't say" beforehand, and this "not saying" can often change the teacher's behavior. Have plans or decisions. For example, "The Analects of Confucius·Yang Huo" says: "The public mountain is not disturbed, and the son wants to go. Zi Lu does not say anything." These two times of "not telling" beforehand were very fruitful. Both times, Confucius accepted Zilu's criticism, followed Zilu's advice, and did not apply for jobs in those places. It is not an easy choice for a gentleman who is eager to display his talents but encounters obstacles at every turn.

Confucius was lucky to have a student like Zilu. The so-called mutual learning between teachers and students is a process in which teachers and students remind each other, supervise each other and promote each other. In my opinion, one of the important reasons why it is difficult for Confucius's contemporaries and people after Confucius to achieve the achievements of Confucius is the lack of such a harmonious teacher-student relationship.

Students like Zi Lu may often exist, but teachers who can tolerate students "not talking" about themselves like Confucius are rare, so it is difficult for Zi Lu to become Zi Lu. Therefore, in the 2,500 years after the death of Confucius, there were no books in the world that could record the teacher's words and deeds while also truly preserving the fact that the students "didn't speak".