Although expository writing is a kind of writing with explanation as the main expression, it cannot successfully complete the task of introducing and explaining things to readers without the proper cooperation of other expressions (such as narration, discussion and description). From the perspective of learning to write expository writing, if we can understand the important role of comprehensive expression in expository writing, and pay attention to the accurate use of narrative, discussion and other ways to assist interpretation, expository writing can be brilliant. (Excerpted from Comprehensive Use of Expression in Explanatory Writing, No.3, 2000)
Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.
Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things.
Literary discourses are discourses that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.
The reading skills of junior middle school expository texts mainly examine the ability of candidates to obtain information accurately from the text, and the questions are mainly considered around quasi-confirmation reading, accurate understanding and accurate screening.
Interference factors are often set in the test questions: (1) increase or decrease and amplification, that is, changing the sentences of the original text, and expanding or narrowing the scope of explanation by adding some words or reducing some words. (2) To confuse the false with the true is to replace the correct with specious words or sentences, resulting in different meanings. (3) Upset-down refers to intentionally disrupting the sentence relationship of the original text when setting options, making it difficult to understand, such as reversing the causal relationship and disrupting the order. (4) out of nothing, that is, using the thinking inertia of candidates, inducing candidates to take it for granted rather than sober rational thinking.
In the process of solving problems, there is a jingle: "read the original text first, get the general idea, then read the stem as a mark, find out the corresponding sentences in the range, compare the options and see the differences."
Read the original text first and complete three tasks: (1) Understand the general idea of the article, that is, the object of explanation, the relationship between paragraphs, the author's point of view and related materials. (2) Number the paragraphs. (3) Mark important sentences and keywords.
Secondly, it is very important to read the stem, and we should mark the important words. For example, the title 1 of the volume 1999 can be marked as follows: "The first paragraph of this article puts forward a hypothesis, and the incorrect understanding is" 3. The first is the position of the proposition point, the second is the content of the test question, and the third is the standard for choosing the answer.
Third, finding out the scope of the answer and the corresponding sentence is the essential stage of the answer. Generally speaking, the search interval of the answer should be near the propositional point, for example, the answer to question 1 is in paragraph 1 or paragraph 2. It is more important to find the corresponding sentence. It can be said that if you find the corresponding sentence, you will basically find the answer. Comparing options to find differences is the last step, which is to complete the answer. For example, 1 item b says: "Compared with humans, hibernating mammals have changed in a wider range." The word "supervision" is omitted, which is inconsistent with the original intention of the article.
Explanatory reading questions are multiple-choice questions, and there are three ways to choose the right options: direct election, exclusion and analogy.
Direct election means choosing the right answer directly. This method is suitable for obvious questions, and some answers can be determined at once. It also applies to "choosing non-topics", such as "incorrect" and "not in line with the text".
Exclusion can be applied to all types of multiple-choice questions. It reveals the correct answer and improves the accuracy of the answer by excluding the options that do not meet the requirements of the topic. In order to find the "first knowledge point", that is, the basis for excluding the first option, the exclusion method must have two characteristics: one is the most accurate judgment, and the other is the most valuable. After determining this knowledge point, you can rule out more options.
Analogy applies to some multiple-choice questions. According to reasonable inference, quickly exclude some options, or infer unknown situations according to known situations, and quickly determine the answer.
I. Classification
1. From the description object: the description of things and the description of things.
2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.
Second, the order of interpretation.
Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
Specific scores of logical order: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.
Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?
Standardized answer format: In this article, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (The first blank should be filled with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )
Third, the method of explanation.
1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.
2, the role of common methods:
1. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, making the explanation more specific and convincing.
(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.
③ Comparison: Compare the differences between _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
⑤. For example: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.
6. Imitation: Give a vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific.
⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.
⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.
⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-
First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)
B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)
C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.
D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.
(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )
Fourthly, the language analysis of expository writing.
1, the analysis of the whole language is generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.
This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.
The standard answer format is as follows: This article fully embodies the accurate/vivid/concise characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", which accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/facts of things. There are many other examples like this.
2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words
The function of the article/sentence is basically the same as above.
The function of words has the following exam forms:
A, what is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted?
This kind of questions often need to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language) The second question type should also compare the differences in answers between the two. The third question type should also add the expression "after deletion, it does not conform to people's understanding of objective things or to objective facts".
An analysis of explanatory writing of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
1, combined with interpretation method
Normative answer mode is as follows:
The main explanation method adopted in this paper is ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics of things or things) so as to explain ... (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)
2, combined with rhetoric.
Normative answer mode is as follows:
This is a vivid explanation article, which uses a lot of rhetorical devices to explain … (content), making the explanation of the article vivid.
3, combined with expressions.
Narration and description make the description more specific; Lyricism and discussion make the explanation more emotional. Then from this point of view, the writing of the explanatory text is analyzed, and the standard format of the answer is as follows:
In this paper, a variety of expressions are comprehensively used, besides explanation, there are also … (selected from "narration, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), that is, the use of … (expression) makes the explanation more concrete/emotional.
Sixth, explain the function of paragraphs.
There are three angles to answer this question:
(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article.
Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.
(2), combined with interpretation.
Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions).
[Edit this paragraph] Explain the characteristics of the article.
The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.
Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.
In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common interpretation methods include examples, classification, enumeration of data, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy, imitation of appearances, quotation, hypothesis and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.
Instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions organized. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.
The accuracy and scientificity of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic. Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.
Linguistic features of expository writing
First, the scientific content. The content of the explanatory text must be true and accurate, based on conclusive materials, truthfully reflect the characteristics, essence and laws of objective things, and be strictly scientific.
Second, the order of the structure. Things and events are sometimes complicated. In order to make readers have a clear understanding, there must be a certain order and order when explaining their characteristics. The common order of interpretation is chronological order (procedural order is also a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. This order of explanation is often reflected in the structural level of the article, so when reading the explanatory text, it is consistent to clarify the structural level and grasp the order of explanation.
Third, the accuracy of language. Explanatory text is very practical, and the result will be "a thousand miles away" if the language is "right", so the language of explanatory text is required to be accurate and give readers a scientific understanding. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, the application of expository writing is more and more extensive. Textbooks, popular science books, knowledge sketches, comments and explanations of various disciplines are explanatory texts. It can be said that expository writing is closely related to our daily study, life and work.
1. Simple. The wording and sentences of the explanatory text should be concise and easy to understand.
Two. Accuracy. Explanatory writing aims at imparting knowledge and requires it to accurately reflect the characteristics, essence and laws of things in accurate language. The accuracy of expository language is the premise of expository language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy.
Third, scientific. When introducing scientific knowledge, we should pay special attention to the accurate use of scientific terms.
4. rigidity. In order to make readers have a clear and accurate understanding of more complex and profound things, explanatory texts often use modifiers and restrictions appropriately, paying attention to the ideological and rigorous nature of language.
Fifth, organization. Everything has its own order, and we should arrange the order of interpretation according to its own order to make it clear and orderly.
Logic of intransitive verbs. Some expositions should be explained from the internal relations of things, and the language is logical.
Seven. Interesting. Mr. Yuan Daying said: "The expository text doesn't have to be straight, but it should be a bit funny." In order to make the characteristics of things more vivid and enhance the inspiration and appeal of the article, vivid explanations should be used appropriately in the explanatory text.
[Edit this paragraph] Ideas and skills for solving problems
(1) Clarify the object of explanation: When reading something, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we should first proceed from the whole and grasp what the article explains, that is, explain.
What is the object; When reading an explanatory article, you should find out what it explains.
How to find a suitable explanation object?
1, look at the topic, many topics are the object of explanation. Such as (Chinese stone arch bridge).
2. Grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. A good expository often uses this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of things: introduce the shape, nature and composition of things, and explain the causes, functions and relationships of things. We must grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called "feature" is a sign that one thing is different from other things. To understand the characteristics of things, we should not stay on the surface, but understand the inner essence of things. So, how to grasp the characteristics of things? You can also start from two aspects:
First, focus on the title. Some titles point out their own characteristics while pointing out the object of the article, such as the Great Hall of the People, which points out that the object of explanation is "the people"
"Great Hall" also pointed out that its characteristic is "majestic"; Some headlines guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the object by asking questions, such as where does the food come from? The title points out the object "food" and guides the reader to read the text. It is not difficult to see that "food is a substance that can form the body and supply energy" clearly points out that the characteristics of "food" are "forming the body and supplying energy"; Some topics use vivid metaphors and anthropomorphic methods to illustrate the characteristics of things. For example, your majesty called the weather "your majesty" in personification rhetoric, which vividly and interestingly explained the prestige of the weather.
Secondly, starting with the analysis of materials, that is, analyzing the characteristics of things introduced by the author paragraph by paragraph, and then summarizing them. The author has clearly pointed out the essential characteristics of some things in the article, so we should find out these key sentences when reading. For example, in the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", the sentence "This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure" and "China Stone Arch Bridge has a long history" points out the characteristics of China Stone Arch Bridge.