(about 340 BC to about 278 BC), Han nationality, a native of the Chu State during the Warring States Period. Mi's surname was Qu, his given name was Ping, and his courtesy name was Yuan; he was also named Zhengze from Yunnan, and his courtesy name was Lingjun. He was a native of Danyang, Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period in China, and a descendant of Qu Xia, the son of Xiong Tong, King of Chu Wu. He advocated uniting Qi to resist Qin and advocated "beautiful politics".

Qu Yuan is one of China's greatest romantic poets and the earliest known famous poet and great politician in our country. He founded the literary style of "Chu Ci" (that is, he created the literary style of "Ci Fu") and also created the tradition of "vanilla beauty". "Li Sao", "Nine Chapters", "Nine Songs" and "Tianwen" are Qu Yuan's most important masterpieces. "Li Sao" is the longest lyric poem in my country. Qu Yuan's works seen in later generations all come from "Chu Ci" compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, including one chapter of "Li Sao" and eleven chapters of "Nine Songs" ("Taiyi of the Eastern Emperor", "Judgment in the Clouds", "The King of Xiang", "Mrs. Xiang", "Da Siming", "Shao Si") "Ming", "Dong Jun", "He Bo", "Mountain Ghost", "National Memorial", "Ritual Soul"), nine chapters of "Nine Chapters" ("Cherishing", "Wading the River", "Sorrowing", "Thinking" and "Huaisha" "Thinking of Beauty", "Cherishing the Past", "Ode to Orange", "Sadness Returning to the Wind"), an article from "Tianwen" and so on.

Qu Yuan was trusted by King Huai of Chu in his early years and served as Zuotu and Sanlu. He often discussed state affairs with King Huai, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clarifying laws, appointing talents, reforming politics, and uniting Qi to resist. Qin. At the same time, he presides over foreign affairs. He advocated that Chu and Qi should unite and fight against Qin together. With Qu Yuan's efforts, Chu's national strength increased. However, due to his own upright character and the slander and exclusion of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by King Huai of Chu. In 305 BC, Qu Yuan objected to King Chu Huai's signing of the Yellow Thorn Alliance with Qin, but Chu still completely fell into the arms of Qin. As a result, Qu Yuan was also expelled from Yingdu by King Huai of Chu and lived in northern Han Dynasty. Qu Yuan was expelled from Yingdu. During his exile, Qu Yuan felt depressed and began to create literature. His works were filled with his attachment to the Chu land and Chu Feng and his enthusiasm for serving the people and the country. His works have gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations, and have become one of the origins of Chinese literature. In 278 BC, Qin general Bai Qi sent his troops south and captured the capital of Ying. Qu Yuan, out of despair and grief, threw himself into the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms and died. In 1953, the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, the World Peace Council passed a resolution identifying Qu Yuan as one of the four cultural celebrities in the world commemorated that year.

Family

Qu Yuan was born into an aristocratic family of the Chu state. Like the king of Chu, Qu Yuan had the same surname as Mi (mǐ). This surname came from the Zhu Rong clan of the Huangdi Zhuanxu system; the Mi group was engaged in business He migrated to the Chu region in the south. When Xiong Yi was introduced to him, he was granted the title of Chu by the Zhou Dynasty due to his meritorious service, and then lived in Danyang (which is now Zigui County, Hubei Province).

Since Qu Yuan was the descendant of the King of Chu, which was called a "gong clan" or "gongshi" at that time, his relationship with the Chu State was of course unusual. The descendants of the Qu family, such as Qu Chong, Qu Wan, Qu Dao, Qu Jian, etc., all held important positions in the Chu State. Qu Yuan's father was Boyong. In Qu Yuan's generation, there were not many high-ranking officials in the Qu family, only Qu Yuan and Qu Gai, the general who was later captured by the Qin State. Qu Yuan's "Xi Chan" in "Nine Chapters" of Chu Ci once said: "Suddenly forgetting the lowliness and poverty of the body." It is likely that the noble family was already in decline at that time.

Birth

According to the results of many modern studies, Qu Yuan’s birth date probably did not occur between the twenty-seventh year of King Xuan of Chu (342 BC) and the thirtieth year (339 BC). years). According to Jiazi's calculation, that year should be the year of Wuyin. What a coincidence that Qu Yuan was born not only in the year of Yin, but also in the month and day of Yin. According to the old saying in the Chinese calendar, "people are born in Yin", so Xia Zheng uses the month of Jian Yin (i.e. the first month) as the beginning of the year. Since Qu Yuan was born on the Yin day of the Yin year, it is truly in line with the "human" birth date. Therefore, Qu Yuan's famous work "Li Sao" said: "The photo of Ti Zhen was in Meng Zou Xi, but it was Geng Yin Wu who descended." This sentence means that in the first month of that year when the Tai Sui star met Yin [4], and it was also the day of Geng Yin, I was born from my mother’s body. It means that this year is the Yin year; Meng is the beginning, Shuo is the first month, and the lunar calendar uses the month of Jian Yin as the beginning of the year, indicating that the first month of this year is the Yin month; Geng Yin means that this day is the Yin day. Qu Yuan was born on the Yin day of the Yin month of the Yin year, which was a good day (according to calculations by Zou Hanxun and Liu Shipei using the Yin calendar and the Xia calendar, it was determined to be the 21st day of the first month of 343 BC. In the Qing Dynasty, Chen Jue used the weekly calendar to calculate it as 343 BC). the 22nd day of the first month of the year), currently generally set as 340 BC.

Named

Qu Yuan felt that his birthday was a bit unusual, so he said in "Li Sao": "Huang Lan Kuiyu came here for the first time, and Zhao Xiyu praised his name. His name is Zhengzexi, and his courtesy name is Lingjun."

These four sentences mean: My father saw that my birth was extraordinary, so he gave me a good name. My name is "Ping" and my given name is "Yuan". When Wang Yi of the Eastern Han Dynasty explained Qu Yuan's name in "Zhang Ju", he said: "Zheng means peace; it means law." "Spirit means spirit; balance means harmony. The only person who can speak of Zhengping as the law is Heaven, which nourishes the balance of things." Those who adjust it should not rely on the earth."

That's why it is called "Ping Yifa Tian" and the word "originally Yifa Earth". In conjunction with the year, month and day of his birth, literally speaking, "ping" means justice, and "pingzheng" is the symbol of the sky; "yuan" means the wide and flat terrain [7], which is the symbol of the earth. Qu Yuan His birth date and name are in line with the three traditions of heaven, earth and man: "The sky is created by Zi, the earth is created by Chou, and people are born by Yin" [8]. This may seem like a coincidence today, but it was considered a good sign at the time.

Use poetry to express moods

From the sixth year to the eighteenth year of King Qingxiang, Chu State was basically controlled by Qin State, bowing its head and obeying orders, not daring to move. Qu Yuan was heartbroken about this, but was powerless to do anything about it. Seeing that the country was getting weaker and the people's livelihood was becoming more difficult, he had no choice but to express his worries about the country and the people in poetry.

Experienced periods

Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: King Wei of Chu, King Huai of Chu, and King Qingxiang, and he was mainly active during the period of King Huai of Chu. This period was the eve of China's imminent unification. "Horizontally, he is the Emperor of Qin, and vertically, he is the King of Chu." Qu Yuan was born in a noble family, and was good at managing chaos and adept at rhetoric. Therefore, he was deeply favored by King Huai of Chu in his early years. He was Zuotu and Sanlu doctor. In order to realize the great cause of the unification of the Chu State, Qu Yuan actively assisted King Huai in reforming and strengthening the country internally, and firmly advocated uniting Qi to resist Qin externally, which made the Chu State become rich and powerful, and powerful among the princes. However, due to sharp conflicts between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu state in domestic and foreign affairs, and due to the jealousy of Shangguan officials and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a small group and alienated by King Huai of Chu.

In the fifteenth year of King Huai (304 BC), Zhang Yi traveled from Qin to Chu and bribed Jin Shang, Zi Lan, Zheng Xiu and others with heavy sums of money to act as traitors. "Deceive King Huai, causing Qi and Chu to break off their diplomatic relations. After being deceived, King Huai became angry and sent troops to Qin twice, but was defeated miserably both times. So Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to the state of Qi to restore the old friendship between Qi and Chu. During this period, Zhang Yi once again traveled from Qin to Chu to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance, which failed. In the twenty-fourth year of King Huai's reign, Qin and Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ji, and Chu State completely fell into the arms of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from Yingdu and arrived in northern Han Dynasty.

In the 30th year of King Huai's reign, Qu Yuan returned to Yingdu. In the same year, Qin invited King Huai to meet at Wuguan. King Huai was detained by Qin and eventually died in Qin. After King Qingxiang came to the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was expelled from Yingdu again and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, wandering between Yuan and Xiang. Between two waters.

In the 21st year of King Qingxiang (278 BC), Qin general Bai Qi attacked the capital of Ying. Qu Yuan was so sad and angry that he sank into the Miluo River and sacrificed his political ideals.

Go to the bottom. Go check out this address, it’s very comprehensive~~~~~~