Baehrens (1868-194)
Baehrens was a pioneer of German modern architecture and industrial design. From 1886 to 1891, Baehrens received art education at Hamburg Arts and Crafts School, and later switched to studying architecture. He became a member of the Munich Separatist School in 1893, joined a seven-member group composed of artists, architects and designers in 19, and started architectural design activities. In 197, he became the promoter and leader of deutscher werkbund. In the same year, he was hired as an artistic consultant of AEG, a German general electric company, and began his career as an industrial designer.
in p>199, Baehrens designed the turbine manufacturing workshop and machinery workshop of AEG, a German general electric company, which abandoned the traditional additional decoration in architectural form, and was called the first truly modern building with simple and spectacular appearance.
in addition to architectural design, Baehrens has also designed many products for AEG, such as electric kettles, electric clocks and electric fans. These designs are not disguised and far-fetched, so that the machine can also express itself in its own language in the home environment. Baehrens has played a great role in AEG, a large company with centralized management. He is fully responsible for the company's architectural design, visual communication design and product design, which has enabled this large and complicated company to establish a unified and complete distinctive image and pioneered the modern company identification plan. AEG's logo, which has been used up to now, has become one of the most famous symbols in Europe.
Baehrens is also an outstanding design educator. His students include Gropius, Mies and Corbusier, who later became the greatest modern architects and designers in the 2th century.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Gropius was born in an architect's family in Berlin, and studied architecture in Berlin and Munich in his youth. Since 197, he has worked in the office in Baehrens. In 191, he set up an architectural office in Berlin in partnership with Meyer, and in the following year, he designed the Fagus factory with large glass curtain walls and corner windows.
In p>1919, Gropius founded the Jianguo Architectural School in Weimar, Germany, with the aim of cultivating new design talents. The school attaches importance to basic training and gradually forms basic courses featuring plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition. The school advocates the unity of art and technology; Pay equal attention to practical ability and theoretical accomplishment; Emphasize that the purpose of design is people, not products; It is advocated that while mastering handicrafts, we should understand the characteristics of modern industry and follow the laws of nature and objectivity to design. In 1925, persecuted by the reactionary government, Bauhaus moved to Dessau. Gropius promoted some excellent teachers, improved teaching plans and facilities, and designed a new Bauhaus school building.
In p>1928, Gropius resigned as president of Bauhaus under various pressures. In 1937, Gropius went to Harvard University as the department head of architecture and founded Concord Design Office.
Gropius is the most important designer, design theorist and founder of design education in the 2th century. His influence on modern design in the 2th century is incalculable.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Mies was born in an ordinary mason's family in Germany. In 197, he worked with Gropius in Baehrens's office and was greatly influenced by Baehrens. In 1928, he put forward the famous saying that less is more and advocated pure and concise architectural expression. In 1929, Mies designed the German Pavilion of the Barcelona International Expo. Its spacious interior and elegant and simple modern furniture made him the most attractive modern designer in the world at that time.
In p>193, Mies became the third principal of Bauhaus, trying to transform the school into a pure design education center. He believes that only architectural design can make design education develop healthily, so this practice of focusing on architecture to unite other majors has been running through Meese's term of office. However, the political atmosphere deteriorated day by day. When the Nazi government came to power in 1933, the first order issued by its Ministry of Culture was to close Bauhaus, thus ending its 14-year school-running course.
In p>1938, Mies moved to the United States and became a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology. Through his life's practice, he laid a clear modernist architectural style and influenced several generations of modern architects and designers. Few people have had such a great influence on modern architecture. Tom Wolf, an American writer, once mentioned in his book "From Bauhaus to the Present" that Meese's principle changed one-third of the skyline of the world's metropolis, which is not an exaggeration, reflecting his important role and influence.
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946)
Naji was born in Hungary, and his early years were mainly about painting and graphic design. Najib came to Bauhaus in 1921 and took over from Eaton in 1923, taking charge of the basic course teaching of Bauhaus. Najib emphasized the rational understanding of form and color, and paid attention to the relationship between point, line and surface. Through practice, students learned how to objectively analyze the composition of two-dimensional space, and then extended it to the composition of three-dimensional space, which laid the foundation for design education and also meant that Bauhaus began to turn from expressionism to rationalism. At the same time, Najib also worked as a tutor in the metalwork workshop, and devoted himself to educating students to engage in internships by combining metal with glass, which opened up a new way for lamp design, and many Bauhaus' most influential works appeared here. He tries to change students' artistic expression from a personal standpoint to a more rational one, and scientifically understand and master new technologies and new media. The metal products he instructs students to make all have very simple geometric shapes, but also have clear and appropriate functional characteristics and performance.
after the dissolution of Bauhaus, Najib founded the new Bauhaus in Chicago, USA in 1937. As a continuation of the original Bauhaus, he introduced a new method to creative education in the United States, but most of the graduates of this school were employed as artists, craftsmen and teachers, rather than industrial designers. The new Bauhaus later merged with Illinois Institute of Technology.
Marcel Breuer (192-1981)
Born in Hungary, Brauer studied at Vienna Art Institute in 192, and later became the first student of Bauhaus. After graduation, he became a teacher in the furniture department of Bauhaus and presided over the furniture workshop. There, Brauer made full use of the characteristics of materials to create a series of simple, lightweight, functional steel tube chairs suitable for mass production, which were light and elegant in shape and simple in structure, and became his greatest contribution to modern design in the 2th century.
from 1932 to 1934, he mainly worked in Switzerland, engaged in furniture design. In 1935, he began to devote himself to the research of plywood molding furniture, standardized modular unit furniture, interior design and standardized modular unit housing. From 1937 to 1946, Brauer taught at Harvard University School of Architecture. In 1947, Brauer designed his own house in Connecticut; And designed the headquarters of UNESCO in Paris from 1953 to 1958; From 1963 to 1966, he also designed the Whitney Museum in new york. Brauer skillfully deals with wood and stone materials in the natural relationship, forming a unique style.
Brauer believes in industrialized mass production and strives for the standardization of furniture and building parts. He is a real functionalist and a pioneer of modern design.
Wilhelm Wagenfeld (19-199)
Born in Bremen, Germany, Wagenfeld worked in a silverware factory in his early years and received an art education. He began to study and teach in Bauhaus in 1923. In Bauhaus's metal workshop, Wagenfeld designed the famous chrome-plated steel tube desk lamp, which is still produced today. Wagenfeld opposes the self-centered design concept. He claims that design in industry is a collaborative activity, which has nothing in common with artists' work. He denies that function is the decisive factor of form, and thinks that function is not the ultimate goal, but a prerequisite for good design. This change in concept and his ability to adapt to industrial production enabled him to continue working as a major designer during the Third Reich, which was rare among his former Bauhaus colleagues.
In p>1929, he began to get design commissions from furniture, ceramics, glass and other industries. From 1931 to 1935, he was appointed as a professor at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin. In 1935, he was hired as the artistic director of Lausz Glass Company. As a result of improving the quality of products, he designed special exquisite glass products, which made him gain international reputation. His main works are molded glassware, such as wine glasses for restaurants and restaurants, bottles and cans for commercial use, and modular kitchen containers and plates. All these products are not decorated, but emphasize simple lines and subtle body changes, and explore the plastic characteristics of glass with restraint.
after the war, while serving in the German Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Fine Arts, Wagenfeld continued to engage in design education, while actively engaging in design activities. In 1954, Wagenfeld became an independent designer and designed many excellent lamps. In these designs, the rigid geometry of light bulbs was eased by plastic lampshades with more organic forms.
As one of the most famous German designers involved in mass production, Wagenfeld has further developed the potential of industrial design in a more specialized production system.
Marianne Brandt (1893-1983)
Brandt entered the Royal Saxon College in 1911 to study painting and sculpture, and established his own studio in 1917. In 1923, Brand entered Bauhaus's metalwork workshop to study. Influenced by Najib, she combined emerging materials with traditional materials and designed a series of innovative and functional products, including her famous teapot designed in 1924. Her design adopts geometric form and uses simple and abstract elements to convey her practical functions. Brand is also very concerned about mass production. In 1927, she designed the famous Youkang stage lamp, which has a flexible neck, a stable base, simple and beautiful shape, good functional effect, and is suitable for mass production. It has become a classic design, which also marks the maturity of Bauhaus in industrial design.
after leaving Bauhaus, Brandt still designed metal products for a period of time, but later Brandt mainly engaged in painting, sculpture and teaching in some colleges and universities, and never reappeared the glory of Bauhaus.
Brand is an important figure in the history of modern design, not only because she created many of the most beautiful and durable metal products in the 2th century, but also because she has a place in the male-dominated metal product design field. Later, Brand recalled that when she was studying at Bauhaus, she could only be assigned to do some boring and repetitive work before she was widely recognized and accepted. In the end, Brand became one of the most famous designers trained by Bauhaus and one of the few female designers who were not from the fabric workshop. Until today, some of her designs are still in production.
porsche (1875-1951)
Born in Bohemia, porsche has been engaged in automobile design for many years. By 191, he had achieved something in the study of the relationship between aerodynamics and automobile modeling and became an expert in streamline theory and practice.
In 193s, German emerging highways stimulated great enthusiasm for streamlining. For example, Maysanders and Ba Gaulias both produced excellent models suitable for highways, which combined streamlining with strict European body design tradition. The most representative one was a small and cheap car designed by porsche for Volkswagen. Its prototype was designed in 1936-1937, and it was also one of the earliest cars of Volkswagen. Because of its small size, it adopted simple streamlining. Compared with the rigid geometric language of modernism, its organic form is more interesting, easier to understand and accept, and it is very popular once it is introduced. Hitler himself attended the opening ceremony of the production of Volkswagen Beetle car in 1937 and took the car, expressing his appreciation. However, when the war broke out in 1939, the mass production of the car was interrupted, and more than 3, orders could not be fulfilled. During the war, the car factory could only produce military vehicles. Until 1945, the British occupation army first resumed the mass production of the car in Germany, followed by Volkswagen. By the 195s, the Beetle, as the first choice of transportation for the emerging middle class, had become a symbol of Germany's revival.
Colani (1926-)
Colani was born in Berlin, Germany. He studied sculpture in Berlin in his early years, then studied aerodynamics in Paris, and was in charge of the new material project in California in 1953. This experience made his design have the characteristics of aerodynamics and bionics, showing a strong sense of modeling. At that time, German design circles tried to promote rational design based on system theory and logic priority theory, while Colani tried to jump out of the functionalist circle, hoping to increase the interest through freer modeling. He designed a large number of works with extremely exaggerated modeling, which was called the design geek.
as early as 195s, he designed sports cars and motorboats for many companies, including the world's first single-body sports car BMW7(1959). In the 196s, he achieved remarkable success in the field of furniture design. Later, Colani designed a large number of transportation tools, daily necessities and household appliances with his imaginative creative techniques. Although they are not 1% excellent designs, they do have extremely high modeling quality, which is widely recognized by public opinion and the public. At the same time, they are also fiercely criticized by design institutions that insist on modernism. Colani said: The earth is round, all interstellar objects are round, and they move in circular or elliptical orbits ..... Even ourselves are propagated from circular species cells. Why should I join the ranks of people who make everything angular? I will follow Galileo's creed: my world is round, too.
As one of the most famous and controversial designers in the 2th century, some people think that he is deviant, while others worship him as a genius and a saint. Colani, however, thinks that all his inspiration comes from nature: what I do is nothing more than imitate the truths revealed to us by nature.
Rams (Dieter Rams, 1932-)
Rams studied architectural design and interior design in the practical art school in Wiesbaden, Germany, and then engaged in design activities as a professional industrial designer. In the mid-195s, a group of young designers, such as Brahms, were hired to be fashion silent.