Edison's family was poor when he was young.
He bought newspapers and worked as a child laborer to support his family.
After his experiment failed on the train,
he bought a fan. Note that a slap in the face causes deafness.
In order to develop a suitable metal for filament,
Edison failed 999 times and was laughed at.
Nobel’s invention of gunpowder failed N times.
His home was destroyed.
I just thought about it because I was sleepy.
Sorry!
The Curies
Pierre Curie was born on May 15, 1859 in a family of doctors in Paris. During his childhood and adolescence, he had a contemplative personality, was not easy to change his mind, was taciturn, and had slow reactions. He was not suitable for the infusion-type knowledge training in ordinary schools and could not follow the class. People said that he was mentally slow, so he never went to elementary school since he was a child. and middle school. His father often took him to the countryside to collect specimens of animals, plants, and minerals, which cultivated his strong interest in nature and learned preliminary methods of how to observe things and how to interpret them. When Curie was 14 years old, his parents hired a mathematics teacher for him. His mathematics progressed rapidly, and he obtained a bachelor's degree in science at the age of 16. Two years after entering the University of Paris, he obtained a master's degree in physics. In 1880, when he was 21 years old, he and his brother Jacques Curie studied the properties of crystals and discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystals. In 1891, he studied the relationship between the magnetism of substances and temperature and established Curie's law: the magnetization coefficient of paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature. While conducting scientific research, he also created and improved many new instruments, such as piezoelectric crystal scales, Curie balances, Curie electrometers, etc. Pierre Curie married Marie Curie on July 25, 1895.
Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw under the rule of Tsarist Russia. Her father was a middle school teacher. At the age of 16, she graduated from Warsaw Middle School with a gold medal. Because her family could not afford to continue her studies, she had to work as a tutor for six years. Later, with his own savings and the help of his sister, he went to Paris to study in 1891. At the University of Paris, she studied diligently under extremely difficult conditions. After four years, she obtained two master's degrees in physics and mathematics.
The year after the Curies got married, in 1896, Becquerel discovered the radioactive phenomenon of uranium salts, which aroused great interest in the young couple. Marie Curie was determined to study this unusual phenomenon. the essence of the phenomenon. She first tested all the chemical elements known at the time and discovered that thorium and thorium compounds were also radioactive. She further examined the radioactivity of various complex minerals and unexpectedly discovered that pitchblende was more than four times more radioactive than pure uranium oxide. She concluded that uranium ore apparently contained a more radioactive element in addition to uranium. Based on his experience as a physicist, Curie immediately realized the importance of this research result. He put aside the crystal research he was doing and devoted himself to the search for new elements with Madame Curie. Soon they determined that uranium ore contained not one but two undiscovered elements. In July 1898, they first named one of the elements polonium to commemorate Marie Curie's native Poland. Not long after, in December 1898, they named another element radium. In order to obtain pure polonium and radium, they performed hard work. Working day and night in a shabby shed for four years. I stirred the boiling pitchblende slag in the pot with an iron rod, and my eyes and throat endured the irritation of the smoke coming out of the pot. After refining again and again, I got one-tenth of a gram of pitchblende slag from several tons of pitchblende slag. radium. For the discovery of radioactivity, the Curies and Becquerel won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a car accident at the age of 47. After the death of Pierre Curie, Marie Curie endured great grief and took over her husband's position as professor of physics at the University of Paris, becoming the first female professor at the school. She continued her research work on radioactivity. In 1910, she and French chemist Debie Hernault analyzed pure radium and determined its atomic weight and position in the periodic table of elements. She also measured the half-lives of radon and some other radioactive elements, and sorted out the systematic relationship between the decay of radioactive elements. Due to these major achievements, he was awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, becoming the only scientist in history to win the Nobel Prize twice.
The Curies personally experienced the physiological effects of radium. They were burned by radium rays more than once. They worked with doctors to study the use of radium to treat cancer and pioneered radiotherapy. During the First World War, she participated in battlefield health services for her motherland, Poland, and her second motherland, France. She organized X-ray cars and X-ray photography rooms to serve wounded soldiers, and also used radium to treat wounded soldiers. Great effect.
After the war, Marie Curie returned to the Radium Institute she founded in Paris to continue her research and train young scholars. In his later years, he completed the refining of polonium and actinium. Marie Curie engaged in radium element research for 35 years without any protective facilities, plus four years of work in establishing an X-ray laboratory during the war. The radiation seriously damaged her health and caused her severe anemia.
In May 1934, she had to leave her beloved laboratory and died on July 4, 1934.
The Curies were indifferent and modest throughout their lives. They did not like worldly compliments and praises, and did not care about personal fame, wealth and status. After discovering radium and successfully refining it, they did not apply for a patent and did not retain any rights. They believe that radium is an element that should belong to all mankind. They revealed their method of extracting radium to the world. More than one gram of radium, which they spent more than ten years preparing and worth approximately US$100,000, was handed over to the Radium Research Institute without taking any penny. The gram of radium donated to her by the American women's circle was not kept privately, half was given to the French Radium Institute, and the other half was given to the Radium Institute in Warsaw. They could have become millionaires overnight when they used radium to treat cancer, but they agreed not to receive any material benefits from their invention. The purpose of their hard work is to bring happiness to mankind from new discoveries.
Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements
What is everything in the universe made of? The ancient Greeks believed that there were four elements: water, earth, fire, and air. The ancient Chinese believed in the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. In modern times, people gradually understood that there are many kinds of elements, and there are definitely more than four or five kinds. In the 18th century, scientists had discovered more than 30 elements, such as gold, silver, iron, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. By the 19th century, 54 elements had been discovered.
People naturally ask, how many undiscovered elements are there? Do the elements exist alone, or are they somehow connected to each other?
Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements and unveiled this mystery.
It turns out that the elements are not a mob, but like a well-trained army, arranged in an orderly manner according to strict orders. How are they arranged? Mendeleev discovered that elements with equal or similar atomic weights have similar properties; moreover, the properties of elements and their atomic weights change periodically.
Mendeleev was very excited. He arranged the more than 60 elements that had been discovered at that time into a table according to their atomic weight and properties. It turned out that starting from any element, every eight elements counted had similar properties to the first element. He put this rule It's called "Eight-tone Rhythm".
How did Mendeleev discover the periodic law of elements?
On February 7, 1834, Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia. His father was the principal of a middle school. At the age of 16, he entered the Department of Natural Science Education of St. Petersburg Pedagogical College. After graduation, Mendeleev went to Germany for further study and concentrated on the study of physical chemistry. He returned to China in 1861 and became a professor at St. Petersburg University.
While compiling lecture notes on inorganic chemistry, Mendeleev found that the Russian textbooks on this subject were all outdated, and foreign language textbooks could not adapt to the new teaching requirements. Therefore, there was an urgent need for a new textbook that could reflect contemporary teachings. An inorganic chemistry textbook for the developmental level of chemistry.
This idea inspired the young Mendeleev. When Mendeleev was writing his chapter on the properties of chemical elements and their compounds, he encountered a problem. In what order are they arranged? At that time, 63 chemical elements had been discovered in the chemical community. In order to find a scientific classification method for elements, he had to study the intrinsic connections between the relevant elements.
Studying the history of a certain subject is the best way to grasp the development process of the subject. Mendeleev understood this deeply. He went to the library of St. Petersburg University and sorted out the original materials for previous studies on the classification of chemical elements in countless volumes...
Mendeleev I caught the historical context of how chemists studied the classification of elements and analyzed and thought day and night. I was simply fascinated. In the dead of night, the lights were still on in Mendeleev's room on the left side of the main building of St. Petersburg University. For safety reasons, the servant opened the door of Mendeleev's study.
"Anton!" Mendeleev stood up and said to the servant: "Go to the laboratory to find some thick paper and bring the basket with you."
Anton He is a loyal servant of Professor Mendeleev's family. He walked out of the room, shrugging his shoulders inexplicably, and quickly brought out a roll of thick paper.
"Cut it open for me."
Mendeleev ordered the servant while drawing a grid on the thick paper.
"All the cards must be the same size as this grid. Start cutting, I want to write on them."
Mendeleta worked tirelessly. On each card he wrote the name of the element, its quantity, the chemical formula and main properties of the compound. The basket gradually filled with cards. Mendeleev divided them into several categories and placed them on a large experimental table.
In the following days, Mendeleev systematically organized the element cards. Mendeleev's family was surprised to see that the professor who always cherished his time was suddenly enthusiastic about "Solitaire". Mendeleev acted as if there was no one around, holding the element cards in his hand every day like playing cards, putting them away, putting them away, putting them away again, putting them away again, playing "cards" with a frown...
As winter goes to spring, spring comes. . Mendeleev found no inherent order in the chaotic array of elemental cards.
One day, he sat at the table and played with the "cards" again. After arranging and arranging, Mendeleev stood up as if he was electrocuted. There appeared in front of him a completely different person. As expected, the properties of each row of elements gradually change from top to bottom according to the increase in atomic weight.
Mendeleev was so excited that his hands were shaking. "That is to say, the properties of elements are related to the periodicity of their atomic weights." Mendeleev paced around the room excitedly, then quickly grabbed a notepad and wrote on it: "According to the atomic weights of elements and their The approximate arrangement of chemical properties of the element table. ”
At the end of February 1869, Mendeleev finally discovered the periodic change of elements in the arrangement of chemical element symbols. In the same year, the German chemist Meyer also produced a periodic table of elements based on the physical properties and other properties of the elements. By the end of 1869, Mendeleev had accumulated sufficient material on the chemical composition and properties of the elements.
What is the use of the shadowless periodic table? It's extraordinary.
First, we can use this to explore new elements in a planned and purposeful way. Since the elements are regularly arranged according to their atomic weights, there must be some unknown elements between two elements with very different atomic weights. Based on the discovered elements, Mendeleev predicted the existence of four new elements: boron-like, aluminum-like, silicon-like, and zirconium-like. Soon, the prediction was confirmed. Later, other scientists discovered elements such as gallium, scandium, and germanium. So far, the number of new elements discovered has far exceeded that of the previous century. In the final analysis, it all benefits from Menshi's periodic table of elements. I believe that among young people, many new chemists will emerge to further unlock the mysteries of the microscopic world.
The second is that it can correct the previously measured atomic weights. When Mendeleev compiled the periodic table of elements, he re-revised the original weights of a large number of elements (at least 17). Because according to the periodic law of elements, many of the original quantities measured previously are obviously inaccurate. Taking indium as an example, I originally thought that it was divalent like zinc, so its atomic weight was determined to be 75. According to the periodic table, it was found that steel and aluminum are both divalent, and it was concluded that its atomic weight should be 113. It happens to be in the vacancy between calcium and tin and has suitable properties. Later scientific experiments confirmed that Menshi's conjecture was completely correct. The most amazing thing is that in 1875, the French chemist Bois-Baudran announced the discovery of a new element, gallium, with a specific gravity of 4.7 and an atomic weight of 59 points. Based on the periodic table, Mendeleev concluded that the properties of gallium are similar to those of aluminum. Similarly, the specific gravity should be 5.9 and the atomic weight should be 68, and it is estimated that gallium is obtained by reduction of sodium. A person who has never seen gallium actually corrected the data measured by its first discoverer. Brinell was very surprised. Surprisingly, the results of the experiment are indeed very close to Menshi's judgment. The specific gravity is 5.94 and the atomic weight is 69.9. According to the method provided by Menshi, Brinell newly purified gallium. It turns out that the inaccurate data is due to the sodium contained in the scale, which is greatly reduced. its own atomic weight and specific gravity.
Third, with the periodic table, humans have made a new leap in thinking about the material world. For example, through the periodic table, it has been strongly confirmed that the law that quantitative changes cause qualitative changes. Changes in atomic weight cause qualitative changes in elements. For another example, it can be seen from the periodic table that while opposing elements (metals and non-metals) are in opposition, there is an obvious relationship of unity and transition. There is a law in philosophy that says things always spiral from simple to complex. The periodic table of elements is exactly like this. It divides the discovered elements into 8 families, and each family is divided into 5 periods. The elements in each period and each category are arranged from small to large according to their atomic weight, and so on.
The periodic law of elements connects the three elements in one fell swoop, making humans realize that the change in the properties of chemical elements is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, completely breaking the original view that various elements are isolated and unrelated to each other. It freed chemical research from being limited to an irregular list of countless individual sporadic facts, thereby laying the foundation for modern chemistry.
Aerospace elite Qian Xuesen
The development of China’s aerospace industry is linked to Qian Xuesen’s name. Qian Xuesen was born in Shanghai on December 11, 1911, and graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1934.
In 1935, he went to the United States to study and received his doctorate in 1938 under the guidance of von Kamen, a famous expert at the California Institute of Technology. In 1943, he collaborated with Malina to complete the research report "Review and Preliminary Analysis of Long-range Rockets", which laid the theoretical foundation for the United States to successfully develop ground-attack missiles and sounding rockets in the 1940s. Its design ideas were used in the actual design of the "Corporal" sounding rocket and the "Private A" missile. The experience gained directly led to the successful development of the U.S. "Sergeant" surface-to-surface missile, and later became the basis for the United States to adopt composite missiles. A pioneer in propellant rocket engines for Polaris, Minuteman, Poseidon missiles and anti-ballistic missiles.
Since then, Qian Xuesen has made further contributions to ultra-high-speed and transonic aerodynamics and thin-shell stability theory. He has made many groundbreaking contributions to aeronautical engineering theory. The high-speed sonic flow theory he proposed together with Kamen provides the basis for aircraft to overcome sound barriers and thermal barriers. The Kaman-Qianxuesen formula named after him and Kamen has become a standard in aerodynamic calculations. The authoritative formula and is used in the aerodynamic design of high subsonic aircraft.
Because he made great contributions to the theory of rocket technology and proposed the functional concept of nuclear rocket in 1949, he was recognized as an authoritative scholar in rocket technology at that time.
In 1955, Qian Xuesen broke through the obstacles of the U.S. government and returned to his motherland and devoted himself to establishing China's aerospace industry. On February 17, 1956, he submitted a "Opinion on Establishing my country's National Defense Industry" to the State Council, which put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of my country's rocket technology. In October of the same year, he was appointed to establish my country's first rocket research institute, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as its first director.
He then served as the technical leader of aerospace development for a long time. With his participation, my country successfully launched its first imitation rocket in November 1960, and on June 29, 1964, my country's first self-designed medium- and short-range rocket achieved a successful flight test. In 1965, Qian Xuesen suggested formulating a plan for the development of artificial satellites and incorporating them into national missions, which ultimately led to the launch of my country's first satellite into space in 1970.
In the early 1950s, Qian Xuesen developed cybernetics into a technical science - engineering cybernetics, which provided the basis for the guidance theory of aircraft. He also created the systems engineering theory and applied it extensively.
Due to Qian Xuesen’s outstanding achievements in China’s aerospace science and technology, in June 1989, the International Institute of Science and Technology awarded him the Rockwell Jr. Medal; in October 1991,
The Chinese government awarded him the title of "Outstanding Contribution Scientist".
In April 1787, a young man went to Vienna to meet the great musician Mozart at that time. This man was unattractive, short and shrewd. He showed off his piano skills in front of Mozart, and even Mozart, who was known as a child prodigy, was amazed. He immediately said to his friends present: "This young man will definitely make waves in the music world." Mozart's prediction came true less than ten years later, and this person was none other than the famous Beethoven. Beethoven was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn on the Rhine River near Cologne, Germany. His father, John, was mediocre and addicted to alcohol. Beethoven had no happiness at all during his childhood.
～The pain of being whipped in childhood～
His father hoped that his son would become the second child prodigy so that he could enjoy wealth and wealth through him, so he forced him to learn piano, but it didn't work. , and was beaten severely. It was under such a miserable and painful fate that Beethoven spent his childhood. Beethoven's talent was extraordinary, coupled with the hard training he acquired, his level was getting higher and higher, and even his teacher was incomparable. At the age of twelve, Beethoven was employed as a court piano and organ musician, and also took on the responsibility of supporting the family. Beethoven gradually received more attention in the court, but he had great ambitions and in 1787 he went to Vienna to worship Mozart. Unfortunately, his mother was critically ill in Bonn and died shortly after returning home. This was a huge blow to Beethoven, who stayed in Bonn for another five years. In order to realize his ideal, Beethoven went to Vienna again in 1792. Count Waldstein provided a lot of help this time. In order to repay the favor, Beethoven later wrote Piano Sonata Opus 53 and dedicated it to Waldstein. When he arrived in Vienna, Beethoven studied under Haydn for a year, and also sought advice from famous teachers such as Schenck, Abretzberg and Salieri, especially the latter, whom he studied for ten years.
～Break off the constraints and pursue freedom～
Beethoven held his first concert in Vienna in 1795. At that time, he personally played his own "Piano No. 2" Concerto" impressed the citizens of Vienna, and he became famous far and wide. His "Symphony No. 1" was composed later. In the same year, he published three more piano trios by Beethoven, which established his dual reputation as a performer and a composer. In the next five years, he wrote Piano Sonatas No. 1 to No. 11. and Piano Concertos Nos. 1 to 3. In 1799 Beethoven completed the "Symphony No. 1". With his miraculous imagination, he wrote one after another masterpieces that shocked the music world. These works are filled with the joy and enthusiasm of life, and express unprecedented freedom of artistic conception, breaking through the strict forms that even Mozart was bound to. Beethoven's reputation was at its peak when everything was going smoothly, but an unfortunate fate befell him - he suffered from deafness.
～The Giant Who Cannot Hear～
This was a cruel blow. In order to fear that others would find out that he was deaf, Beethoven gradually lived in isolation and became more and more lonely. At this time, he fell in love with a seventeen-year-old girl, Julietta Gucciadi. The famous Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight" is the work of their love.
In 1802, Beethoven moved to the quiet village of Heilikin, an hour's drive from Vienna, to compose music, where he completed his Symphony No. 2. However, the deterioration of his ear disease caused him great pain, so he wrote a suicide note in Heiligenstadt, describing his tragic experiences and misfortunes. Later, Beethoven rebuilt his confidence based on Kant's philosophy. "The best way to forget your misfortunes is to work hard." At this time, he returned to Vienna, full of musical ideas, and wrote the thundering "Eroica" Symphony No. 3 in 1803. This piece was originally intended to be dedicated to Napoleon, but when Napoleon was crowned emperor, Beethoven was angry and obliterated Napoleon's name and renamed it the "Eroica Symphony". In the same year, Beethoven wrote the excellent Violin Sonata No. 9 "Kreutzer". In 1804, he completed Piano Sonata No. 21 "Waldstein".
The following year, he completed the Piano Sonata No. 23 "Passionate" and the unique opera "Fidelio". In this series of works, he showed his true skills, such as "Waldstein" and "Passion", which mesmerized the world. In 1806, he composed "Piano Concerto No. 4" and "Violin Concerto in D major". In 1808, Beethoven published Symphony No. 5 "Destiny" and Symphony No. 6 "Pastoral" at the same time. In 1809, he completed the Fifth Piano Concerto "Emperor". These are all immortal masterpieces.
～A volcano hiding passion～
Beethoven’s heart contains endless emotions, which are delicate, extraordinary, harmonious and perfect. Beethoven intentionally put his thoughts into the music. For example, in No. 5 "Destiny", the theme motivation at the beginning is that the god of fate knocks on the door hard. In No. 6 "Pastoral", you can even detect Beethoven's intention to describe nature. In the first movement, he marked it as "refreshing and refreshing". The word "countryside". In 1809, Napoleon captured Vienna, princes and grandsons fled one after another, and Beethoven's economy was in trouble. During the war-torn days, he still stayed in Vienna and worked hard on his compositions. His "Emperor" Concerto was written amidst the rumble of cannons. Since the first performance of "Destiny" and "Pastoral" did not win the favor of the people of Vienna, Beethoven wanted to leave for Germany. However, Duke Rudolf, Prince Robgovitz and Duke Kinski tried their best to persuade him to stay. Leave. Later, Beethoven dedicated the "Archduke Piano Trio" to these benefactors.
～The sound of music flies into the homes of ordinary people～
Since the French Revolution, the atmosphere in Europe has been completely new, and personal freedom and human rights have been confirmed. Beethoven also democratized music, bringing music from the aristocracy to the masses. Beethoven's achievements will last forever. Napoleon was defeated and the joyful atmosphere returned to Vienna. In 1812, Beethoven premiered "Symphony No. 7" and "Symphony No. 8" at the Wounded Soldiers Relief Concert, which was a sensation. He also won the respect of the people of Vienna. Beethoven suffered from the tragic condition of deafness physically from 1804 to 1814, but during these eleven years, his creations were rich and of unprecedented historical value. He wrote a dazzling treasure among mankind's musical treasures. His "Symphony No. 7" has no title. Wagner considered this piece to be a symbol of dance, especially the passionate final movement. "Symphony No. 8" is the clearest and most refreshing piece among his nine symphonies, viewing life with an optimistic and detached attitude. Beethoven's third life began in 1815. At that time, he was in his prime and had a more thorough understanding of life. The music he wrote after that, except for the famous Symphony No. 9 "Chorus" and "Missa Solemnis", were all piano sonatas and string quartets. This is all intrinsic and profound spiritual conception.
～Le Sheng is not good at human affairs～
Due to the death of his younger brother Karl in 1814, Beethoven once again took on the responsibility of caring for and raising his nephew. But the adoption process and the problems his nephew brought him afterwards made him suffer a lot. In short, he could not transfer his love to his nephew. Beethoven completely collapsed on how to deal with people. Beethoven became more depressed, his health became more serious, and his finances were very tight. At that time, he was working hard to compose two major works-"Missa Solemnis" and "Ninth Symphony". In particular, the prelude was intended to be played at the enthronement ceremony of Rudolf's appointment as archbishop. Because of the great responsibility, it took him about five years to complete it in 1823. The premiere of his "Symphony No. 9" on May 7 of the following year pushed his reputation to a new peak. The "Ode to Joy" chorus of "Symphony No. 9" is taken from Schiller's poem "Ode to Joy". He had this idea in his early years, and it took him thirty-two years to finally realize his wish. The success of "Symphony No. 9" brought him the greatest honor and joy in his life. During the preview of "Symphony No. 9", Beethoven conducted it himself, but due to his deafness, he was unable to perform and the order was chaotic. Therefore, Umlauf conducted the official performance. Beethoven was still on the stage with his back to the audience giving instructions. When the whole piece was played, the audience was deeply moved, cheering loudly and applauding like thunder, but Beethoven was unaware of it. It was only after the performer reminded him that he saw the touching scene and responded with tears. This was Beethoven's last public appearance. He unknowingly suffered from liver disease and spent the days as his condition became increasingly serious. His soul, which was about to leave the world, became peaceful instead. At this time, Beethoven seemed to be in the thin, pure sky, looking down at the world he was about to leave behind. Wrote five final string quartets. These chamber music are his last works and Beethoven's legacy to the world. Proof to all eternity that the spirit can overcome pain and even death.
~The last spring thunder sounded~
Beethoven’s remaining life was short. In 1826 alone, he underwent four operations, but his condition did not improve. On the afternoon of March 26, 1827, there was a sudden heavy snowstorm in Vienna, accompanied by deafening spring thunder. At this time, Beethoven clenched his right fist and breathed his last breath.
According to ancient records, Beethoven's funeral was held on March 29. More than 20,000 Viennese citizens attended and escorted to the Jasser Church where the memorial mass was held...