Note
(1) Youzi: A student of Confucius, whose surname is Youzi and whose first name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius and 33 years younger. The latter is more credible. In the Analects of Confucius, the recorded Confucius students are generally called "Zi", only Zeng Shen and You Ruo are called "Zi". Therefore, many people think that the Analects of Confucius was written by Zeng Shen and You Ruo.
(2) filial piety: filial piety, the correct attitude of children towards their parents in slave society; Brother, the pronunciation and meaning are the same as "Ti", that is, the younger brother's correct attitude towards his older brother. Filial piety and younger brother are two basic moral norms specially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism. The old note says: parents who do good deeds are filial, and brothers who do good deeds are brothers.
(3) offense: offense, offense, and offense. Up, refers to the person in the upper position.
(4) fresh: the sound Xi m: n, which means less. The word "fresh" in the Analects of Confucius is used in this way.
(5) there is nothing: this is the inverted sentence type of "there is nothing". There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb.
(6) service book: service, concentration and dedication. Ben, at all.
(7) Tao: In China's ancient thoughts, Tao has many meanings. The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the whole moral ideology with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. Simply put, it is the basic principle of governing the country and being a man.
(8) Benevolence is the foundation: Benevolence is the highest category of Confucius' philosophical thought, and it is also an ethical code. Being the foundation of benevolence means taking filial piety as the foundation of benevolence. There is also an explanation that the ancient word "benevolence" is the word "human", and the foundation of benevolence is the foundation of being a man.
translation
A son said, "It is rare to see people who are filial to their parents, obedient to their brothers, and like to offend the upper rulers. Don't like to offend the upper rulers, but there are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman devotes himself to fundamental affairs, the principle of governing the country and being a man is established. Filial piety and obedience to one's elder brother are the essence of benevolence!
Analysis
Some people think that if people can be filial to their parents at home and obey their brothers, then they can be loyal to the country outside, with filial piety as the premise and filial piety as the purpose. Confucianism believes that if filial piety is practiced at home, there will be no "offence and insurrection" within the rulers; If filial piety is extended to the working people, the people will absolutely obey, instead of rebelling, thus maintaining the stability of the country and society.
Filial piety mentioned here is the root of benevolence, which is very important for readers to understand Confucius' philosophy and ethical thought with benevolence as the core. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Emperor of Zhou adopted the system of inheriting the eldest son, while the other concubines were enfeoffed as vassals, and so were the following vassals. The political structure of the whole society, from emperor to vassal to doctor, was based on the feudal patriarchal blood relationship, and the theory of filial piety and filial piety reflected the moral requirements of the patriarchal society at that time.
Filial piety is directly related to social stability. Confucius saw this, so all his ideas were based on this. He explained the fundamental truth that filial piety is benevolence from the point that filial piety will not happen. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, feudal rulers and literati of all dynasties have inherited Confucius' theory of filial piety and advocated "ruling the world with filial piety". The Han Dynasty is a clear example. They regard moral education as an important means to implement feudal rule, and imprison the common people in the shackles of the Confucian orthodoxy and ethics, which has a great influence on the common people's moral concepts and behaviors, and also has a profound influence on the whole traditional culture of China. The theory of filial piety serves feudal rule and patriarchal clan system. We should have a clear understanding, analysis and judgment, abandon feudal toxins, inherit its reasonable content, and give full play to the due role of morality in social stability.
Confucius said, "Disciples (1) are filial when they enter (2), and younger when they leave (3). They are sincere (4) and believe; they love the masses (5); they are kind (6); if they have spare capacity (7), they will learn literature (8)."
Note
(1) Disciple: Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is the younger brother and son; The second refers to students. Here is a kind of "disciple".
(2) Entering: In ancient times, father and son lived in different residences, while studying was outside. "Book of Rites Neize": "From the order of men to above, father and son are different palaces". Entering is entering the father's palace, which means entering the father's residence, or at home.
(3) going out: as opposed to "entering", it refers to going out to study with a teacher. Being a younger brother means treating teachers with younger brothers, and it can also refer to people who are older than themselves.
(4) Sincerity: A few words call it sincerity.
(5)□: The sound fàn, with the same pan, has a broad meaning.
(6) Benevolence: Benevolence means benevolence, and there are people with benevolence.
line (7) has spare capacity: it means having leisure time.
(8) Wen: Ancient literature. There are mainly cultural knowledge such as poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music.
Translation
Confucius said: "Disciples are filial to their parents when they are in front of them; When you are away from home, you should obey your teachers, be careful in your words and deeds, be honest and trustworthy, be quiet, love everyone extensively, and be close to those with benevolence. After practicing in this way, if you still have spare capacity, you will study literature knowledge again. "
comment
the issue of filial piety was mentioned in the second chapter of this article, and it is mentioned again in this chapter. Confucius asked his disciples to devote themselves to filial piety, faithfulness, love for the masses and kindness, and cultivate good moral concepts and behaviors. If they still have leisure time and spare capacity, they will use it to learn ancient books and increase their cultural knowledge. This shows that Confucius' education is centered on moral education and focuses on cultivating students' moral cultivation, while the study of book knowledge is second.
Confucius put the cultivation of students' moral concepts in the first place, while cultural learning was only the second. In fact, any class in history, whether it is the slave owner class, the landlord class or the bourgeoisie, education serves its politics, paying special attention to students' moral conduct and political performance, and putting "morality" before "knowledge", which is the need of the class. They just want to train all kinds of talents to meet the requirements of their own class.
Meng Yizi (1) asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "No violation. (2) "Fan Chi (3) Yu (4), the son told him:" Meng Sun (5) asked me about filial piety, and I didn't violate it. " Fan Chi said, "What is it?" Confucius said, "When you are born, you should treat things with courtesy; When you die, you are buried with ceremony and sacrificed with ceremony. "
Note
(1) Meng Yizi: a doctor of Lu, one of the three families, surnamed Zhong Sun, named He Ji, and "Yi" is posthumous title. His father asked him to learn from Confucius before he died.
(2) no violation: don't violate it.
(3) Fan Chi: Fan Mingshu, whose surname is late. A disciple of Confucius, 46 years younger than Confucius. He worked with Ran Qiu to help Ji Kangzi innovate.
(4) Yu: Control the carriage.
(5) Meng Sun: refers to Meng Yizi.
Translation
When Meng Yizi asked what filial piety was, Confucius said, "Filial piety means not to break the etiquette." Later, Fan Chi drove Confucius, and Confucius told him, "Meng Sun asked me what filial piety is, and I replied that I should not violate the ceremony." Fan Chi said, "What do you mean, don't break the ceremony?" Confucius said: "when parents are alive, they should be served according to the ceremony;" After the death of parents, they should be buried and sacrificed according to the ceremony. "
Comments
Confucius attached great importance to filial piety and asked people to be filial to their parents, whether they were alive or dead. But what is emphasized here is that filial piety should not violate the rules of etiquette, otherwise it will not be true filial piety. It can be seen that filial piety is not vague and casual, and it must be regulated by the ceremony. Acting according to the ceremony is filial piety.
Original
2.6 Meng Wubo (1) asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "Parents only care about their illness (2)."
Note
(1) Meng Wubo: son of Meng Yizi, whose name is Bi. Wu is his posthumous title.
(2) Parents only worry about their illness: the pronoun refers to parents. Illness, illness.
Translation
Meng Wubo asked Confucius about filial piety. Confucius said: "parents should be especially worried about their diseases." (Doing so can be regarded as filial piety. ) "
Comment
This chapter is Confucius' answer to the filial piety of Meng Yizi's son. There have always been three explanations for what Confucius said here: 1. Parents love their children in every way, lest they have diseases. Children can understand their parents' feelings and be extra cautious in their daily lives. This is filial piety. 2. As a child, parents only need to worry when they are sick, but they don't have to worry in other aspects, which shows their parents' parent-child affection. As long as children are worried about their parents' illness, there is no need to worry too much about other aspects. This paper adopts the third statement.
Original
2.7 Ziyou (1) Asked about filial piety, Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means that it can be raised. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised (2). If you are disrespectful, why not? "
Note
(1) Ziyou: Yan Mingyan, Ziyou, a native of Wu, is 45 years younger than Confucius.
(2) raise: sound yàng.
Ziyou asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "The so-called filial piety nowadays is only enough to support parents. However, even dogs and horses can be raised. If you don't care to honor your parents, what's the difference between supporting your parents and raising dogs and horses? "
Comment
This article is still about filial piety. There have always been several different interpretations of the sentence "As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised". First, it is said that dogs can guard the door and horses and carts can also serve people; Second, dogs and horses can also be raised by people. This paper adopts the latter statement, which is more appropriate.
The original
2.8 asked about filial piety in the summer, and Confucius said, "Color is difficult (1). If something happens, I will take care of it (2); There is wine and food, sir (3) and (4). Did you ever think it was filial? "
note
(1) color difficulty: color, face. Difficult, not easy.
(2) service: service, engagement and responsibility. Service is service.
(3) Mr.: Mr. refers to the elderly or parents; Disciples mentioned above refer to the younger generation, children, etc.
(4) zhuàn, which means eating and drinking.
translation
When asked what filial piety is, Confucius said, "The hardest thing is to be kind to parents. Only when children have something to do for their parents, can they be considered filial?"
Comments
Chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8 of this article are all about filial piety by Confucius. The filial piety advocated by Confucius is reflected in all aspects and levels, reflecting the needs of the patriarchal clan system and adapting to the needs of the society at that time. An idea of * * * is not only to serve parents formally according to the principle of rites, but also to truly honor their parents from the deep heart.