The Empress Dowager Cixi, Yehenala (1836~1908), whose nickname was Lan'er, was the daughter of Huizheng, Daotaitai, Guangtai Road, Ningchi, Hui, Anhui. In 1851, she was selected into the palace as a beautiful girl and was named Yiguiren. Because she was favored by Emperor Xianfeng, she was promoted to Yipin in 1854. In 1856, his son Zai Chun was born. The following year she was promoted to "Concubine Chuxiu Gongyi". In August 1861, Emperor Xianfeng died of illness in Rehe, and his posthumous edict established Zaichun as the crown prince and heir to the throne. Eight people including Prince Yi Zaiyuan, Prince Zheng Duanhua, and Minister of Household Affairs Sushun were appointed as "Ministers of Zanxiang Government Affairs" to assist the administration. The reign name is "Qixiang", and the birth mother Nala is honored as the "Holy Mother Queen Mother". In November of the same year, Cixi and Prince Gong Yixin launched a coup and dismissed or executed eight "Zanxiang Ministers". After the Tongzhi reign of the Yuan Dynasty, Cixi implemented the practice of listening to politics behind the curtain and actually controlled the power of the country.
In 1873, when Zai Chun came of age, Cixi announced that she would withdraw from the throne and return to power, but she still controlled the government. The following year, Zai Chun died of illness. Cixi established a royal family, Zai Dan, to inherit the throne, with the reign title "Guangxu", and resumed listening to politics behind the curtain.
In 1889, when Zaitan got married and came of age, Cixi announced her "return to power" and retreated to the Summer Palace. However, she still had to do all the employment and administration within the court, and Emperor Guangxu actually occupied a puppet status.
In 1894, Japan launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894. This year coincides with Cixi's sixtieth birthday, and it is planned to "receive congratulations in the Summer Palace, following the practice during the Kangxi and Qianlong years. A colorful shed and prayer altar will be set up along the road from the palace to the garden to hold a celebration." Move navy funds, renovate the Summer Palace, decorate scenic spots, and collect contributions from all walks of life. Therefore, in view of "seeking a speedy conclusion to the Korean affairs", we supported Li Hongzhang and others' proposal of compromise and surrender against Japan.
Preparations for the "Sixtieth Longevity Celebration" began at the beginning of the year. In August, the war between China and Japan intensified. The Ministry of Household Affairs sent a letter "please stop the project", and Cixi became furious. Weng Tonghe, the Secretary of the Ministry of Household Affairs and the Minister of Military Aircraft, was forced to change his words and report: "The item of inspection and suspension of work refers to ordinary projects in the future. Once the industry is established, there is no need to stop it." Some courtiers from the main war faction petitioned to stop the "spotting" and transfer it to military expenses. Cixi was furious and said, "Whoever makes me unhappy today, I will also make him unhappy for the rest of his life."
In September, the Chinese army and navy were defeated one after another. Cixi was even more eager to seek peace. On September 27, she forced Weng Tonghe, the Minister of Military and Aircraft who was in charge of the war, to go to Tianjin to discuss with Li Hongzhang about truce and peace. On October 18, he ordered the princes, ministers and officials from other provinces to collect the "sixty-year-old tribute" on October 23. On November 7, the Japanese army occupied Dalian Bay. This day was Cixi's birthday. The military situation from the front came like a snowflake, but Cixi remained unmoved. He was congratulated on his promotion to the palace in the Summer Palace, held a banquet with all the ministers, and watched a play for three days in a row, all official matters being postponed.
On November 22, the Beiyang Navy base of Lushun fell. Cixi still disagreed and pointed the finger at the main war faction headed by Emperor Guangxu. On November 26, Cixi summoned the military minister at Yiluan Hall, but Emperor Shixu was not present. Suddenly it was announced that "the two concubines Jin and Zhen have prayed to intervene in all kinds of evil deeds, and they will be demoted to nobles with the imperial edict." He also sent Zhirui, the right minister of the Ministry of Rites, brother of the two concubines Jin and Zhen, to garrison Ulia Sutai. Concubine Zhen was Guangxu's favorite concubine and supported Guangxu in his war against Japan. At that time, some leading war officials in the imperial court were dissatisfied with Cixi and Li Hongzhang's submission to the Japanese, so they married Zhirui, the brother of the second concubine, to "secretly communicate with the palace and enable Concubine Zhen to speak to the superiors" to promote Guangxu's resistance to Japan. On October 28, Wen Tingshi personally wrote: "The Japanese barbarians invaded, and the ministers and ministers in Xinjiang had different ambitions, but they wanted peace and asked the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to strictly negotiate and deal with it." Impeaching Li Hongzhang and others did not want to supervise the army to respond to the enemy, "but they wanted peace." ", "ready for attack", "request an order to send the ministers and Beiyang ministers to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for strict discussion and punishment, in order to preserve the national law." At this time, Cixi appointed Prince Gong Yixin to preside over the peace talks with Japan, and the atmosphere of peace was very high. Cixi chose this time to punish Guangxu's second concubine and her brother, in order to attack the peace faction and demonstrate against Guangxu. On December 4, at the same time, he ordered Prince Gong Yixin to be appointed Minister of Military Affairs and abolish the Manchu-Han Study Room, which further strengthened the power of the peace faction and eliminated the power of the war faction around Guangxu.
At the end of 1894, the Qing government became more and more ineffective in the war, and Cixi became more eager to seek peace. In January 1895, Zhang Yinhuan and Shao Youlian were sent as plenipotentiary ministers to Japan to seek peace. The Japanese government refused to hold the meeting on the pretext that the Chinese envoys had insufficient powers.
The peace talks failed and the envoys were rejected. Cixi was so frightened that she ordered Shuntian Prefecture to prepare carriages and mules in order to flee to Shanxi.
After the Japanese government refused peace in Hiroshima, it immediately attacked Weihaiwei, another base of the Beiyang Navy. On the 27th, Weihaiwei was captured and the Beiyang Navy was destroyed. At the beginning of March, they launched operations in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River. Within six days, Niuzhuang, Yingkou, and Tianzhuangtai were captured. At this point, the capitulation faction headed by Cixi made up their mind to surrender to Japan. In March, they sent Li Hongzhang as the first-class plenipotentiary minister to go to Japan again to beg for peace. On April 17, they signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, an unprecedented humiliating treaty in Chinese history. After the news came out, the whole country was in an uproar and angrily denounced the traitors of Cixi, Li Hongzhang and others. People protested by posting couplets on the city gates of Beijing that read, "Longevity without borders, the whole world celebrates; the three armies are defeated, territories are ceded and peace is sought." According to the provisions of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Japanese army began to send troops to invade Taiwan in June. The Taiwanese people resisted bravely. Cixi ordered Taiwanese officials to be transferred inward, and strictly prohibited aid to Taiwan's anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians. At the same time, he also erected a canopy at the Summer Palace. , prepare to escape the heat. People also wrote a couplet titled "Taiwan Province has been returned to Japan, and the Summer Palace has a ceiling again", denounced Cixi's treasonous crime.
After the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894, Emperor Guangxu was angry at the defeat and wanted to cheer up, and was determined to reform the law and reform politics. In June 1898, the "Edict on State Affairs" was issued to implement reforms. In September, Cixi launched a coup, killed the New Deal, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu in Yingtai, and began to return to teach politics.
In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing, and Cixi took Guangxu and fled to Xi'an. On February 14 of the following year, the "Peace Negotiation Outline" was approved and the shameless policy of "measuring China's material resources and winning the favor of the country" was promulgated. On September 7, the "Xinchou Treaty" was signed, which was humiliating and humiliating the country. Returned to Beijing in 1902. From then on, Cixi was "wary of the power of outsiders, and would always give in to whatever was asked of her."
In May 1852, he was drafted into the palace and given the title Lan Guiren.
In 1854, Jin Yi's concubine.
In 1856, she was born in Tongzhi, the concubine of Jin Dynasty.
In 1857, Jin Yi’s imperial concubine.
In 1861, Tongzhi ascended the throne and was revered as the Queen Mother. On August 22, the Xinyou coup was launched and he held the supreme power for 48 years.
In 1862, Tongzhi was given the title Empress Dowager Cixi.
In 1874, Tongzhi collapsed, and Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Guangxu to succeed him.
1894-1895, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was defeated and the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed.
In 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 was suppressed.
In 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi fled Beijing.
In 1901, the "Xinchou Treaty" was signed.
Died of illness at 5:00 pm on November 15, 1908.
The funeral of Empress Dowager Cixi In 1928, tomb robbers headed by Sun Dianying robbed the splendid and extremely luxurious Ding Dong Tomb of Empress Dowager Cixi.
The titles she received during and after her death on her sacred tablet in Ding Dong Tomb: Xiaoqin Cixi, Queen Mother Duanyou Kang, Yi Zhao, Yuzhuang, Chengshou Gongqinxian, Chongxi Pairing, Tianxing Shengxian Queen, ***25 words, The most empress dowager in the history of Qing Dynasty.
On November 15, 1908 (the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu), the actual supreme ruler of Tongzhi and Guangxu dynasties, the biological mother of Emperor Tongzhi and the concubine of Emperor Xianfeng, Empress Dowager Cixi passed away.
Cixi is the Empress Xiaoqinxian, also known as the "Queen Mother of the West". The Yehenala family of Manchu nationality was born on the tenth day of October in 1835 (the fifteenth year of Daoguang's reign
), the daughter of Guangtai Dao of Ningchi, Anhui Province, and the third-class Cheng'en Gong Huizheng. In 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), he was drafted into the palace and given the title Yiguiren. Later, she was canonized as a concubine. In March 1856, the emperor's eldest son Zai Chun (i.e. Emperor Tongzhi) was born, and the Jin Dynasty was granted the title of Concubine Yi. Not long after, the imperial concubine Feng Yi was promoted to the Jin Dynasty. In July 1861, Emperor Tongzhi Zaichun came to the throne, and he and Queen Qin Zhenxian (the Queen Mother of the East) were honored as the Queen Mother. They plotted with Prince Gong Yixin to kill the "Zanxiang Government Minister" Prince Yi Zaiyuan, Zheng Qinyu Duanhua, Co-organizers include University Scholar Shangshu Sushun and others. The empress dowager of the two palaces is in the Yangxin Palace, where she listens to politics behind the curtain. With the support of foreign powers, it suppressed the Taiping Revolution and the Miao and Hui uprisings in Yunnan, Gansu and other places. In December 1874, Emperor Tongzhi died of illness.
She made the five-year-old Zai Tian emperor, and the two empress dowagers listened behind the curtain. They relied on a group of feudal bureaucrats such as the Westernizationist Li Hongzhang to set up military industries, train the navy and army, and brutally suppressed the people's resistance struggles. In February 1889, Emperor Guangxu took charge nominally.
"The Queen Mother (Emperor Guangxu) must be sincere in dealing with the affairs of the imperial court. You must ask for orders before doing anything important." After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Naval War, she tried her best to kill the Reform Movement of 1898 initiated by the bourgeois reformists.
In 1898, Emperor Guangxu was placed under house arrest and six others, including Tan Siping, were killed. After the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1900, he fled to Xi'an with the emperor, ordered the massacre of the Boxers, and signed the "Xinchou Treaty" with the Eight-Power Allied Forces, which was humiliating and humiliating the country. In 1906, preparations for constitution were announced. On November 14, 1908, Emperor Guangxu died. She appointed Prince Chun Zaifengzi and the 3-year-old Puyi as emperor, with the reign title Xuantong. The next day, Cixi died of illness at the age of seventy-four and was buried in Ding Dong Tomb in Zunhua, Hebei.