Prosperity and openness were the characteristics of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Why was it so prosperous and open? I have compiled relevant information here, hoping to help you.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties: an era of prosperity and openness

Lesson 1 The unification and demise of the Sui Dynasty

1. The establishment and unification of the Sui Dynasty (581- 618 years)

Founded: 581 years (Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang'an as the capital, and Yang Jian was Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty)

Unification: 589 years (Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the Nationwide)

Destruction: 618 (the death of Emperor Yang II of the Sui Dynasty)

2. The Sui Dynasty created regulations and systems in many aspects. It was an innovative dynasty and created China. A new historical situation. Specific manifestations include: the imperial examination system was implemented in the official selection system; in terms of economy, the Grand Canal connecting the north and the south was opened.

1. The opening of the Grand Canal (Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty)▲▲▲

①Purpose: To strengthen north-south transportation and consolidate the Sui Dynasty’s rule over the country.

② Center and starting point: with Luoyang as the center, reaching Zhuojun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south.

③Length and status: With a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, it is the longest canal in the ancient world.

④Four components: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.

⑤Connects five rivers: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

⑥The role of the opening (significance and impact): The opening of the Grand Canal has strengthened the political, economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south. (Negative effect: But it also brought a heavy burden to the people and accelerated the demise of the Sui Dynasty.)

　2. Imperial Examination System (Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty)▲▲▲

① Creation (Sui Dynasty): Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty began to use examinations to select talents; Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty established the Jinshi Department, marking the formal establishment of the imperial examination system.

②Perfection (Tang Dynasty): Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty: Increased examination subjects, Jinshi subjects are the most important. Wu Zetian: pioneered palace examinations and martial arts examinations.

③ Development (Ming Dynasty): Eight-part essay selection of scholars

④ Positive impact of the imperial examination system: 1) The reform of the official selection system in ancient China strengthened the emperor’s power to select officials and employ people. Expand the scope of official selection. 2) Promote the development of education. 3) It became the main system for selecting officials in past dynasties and lasted for more than 1,300 years.

3. The demise of the Sui Dynasty

Reason: The brutal rule of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Time: 618 years

Lesson 2: From the "Reign of Zhenguan" to the "Kaiyuan Dynasty"

1. The establishment and unification of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 years)

In 618, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, with Chang'an as its capital. Li Yuan was the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, and he achieved the unification of the country.

2. Tang Taizong (Li Shimin) and the "Government of Zhenguan"

(1) Subjective reasons: He learned the historical lessons of the Sui Dynasty, he was diligent in political affairs, and accepted advice with an open mind. Be kind and follow the flow.

(2) Objective measures: ① Appoint talents. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty recruited talented people, including Wei Zheng who dared to speak out; Fang Xuanling was good at strategizing and Du Ruhui was brave in making decisions (Fang Mou Du Duan). They were all famous prime ministers during the Zhenguan period.

②Political aspects. Further improve the three provinces and six ministries system (first created in the Sui Dynasty); enact laws and reduce penalties; increase the subjects of the imperial examination and encourage scholars to apply, and the Jinshi subject has gradually become the most important subject; strictly examine the performance of officials at all levels.

③Economic aspects. Reduce the labor burden on the people and encourage the development of agricultural production.

④Border management. During the Taizong period of the Tang Dynasty, he defeated the Eastern and Western Turks successively and strengthened his rule over the Western Regions.

3. Empress Wu Zetian

The only female emperor in the history of our country. In his later years, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed the name of his country to Zhou. During Wu Zetian's reign, he continued to implement Tang Taizong's policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents, further developing the social economy and increasing national strength. In terms of imperial examinations, she established the imperial examination system and martial arts examinations, and personally interviewed candidates. Later generations called her rule "the political enlightenment of Kaiyuan and the rule of macro Zhenguan".

IV. Tang Xuanzong and the "Kaiyuan Heyday" (the most prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty)

(1) Measures: ① Appoint talents. He appointed virtuous ministers Yao Chong and Song Jing and implemented a series of reforms.

②Political aspect. Rectify the administration of officials and reduce redundant staff. ③Economic aspects. Develop the economy and reform the tax system.

④Cultural aspects. Pay attention to culture and education, compile and compile classics.

Lesson 3: The atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty

1. Economic prosperity

1. Agriculture: the curved shaft plow and the irrigation tool barrel cart appeared.

2. Handicraft industry: There are many varieties of textile industry, and Shu brocade is the highest in the country; the production level of ceramics is also very high, the celadon of Yue kiln, the white porcelain of Xing kiln, and the three-color porcelain of Tang Dynasty are the most famous.

3. Commerce: Chang'an City had a population of one million. It was not only the center of China's political, economic and cultural exchanges at that time, but also an international metropolis. (There are cities: commercial areas and squares: residential areas).

2. Ethnic exchanges and integration

1. Policy: Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty implemented an enlightened ethnic policy.

2. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was respectfully called "Tian Khan" by the leaders of all ethnic groups, which means the unified monarch of all ethnic groups.

3. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng was married to Tubo (the ancestor of the Tibetan people) Zanpu Songtsen Gampo. Role: The marriage between Tang and Tibet promoted the economic and social development of Tubo and enhanced the friendly relations between the Han and Tibetan peoples.

4. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jincheng was married to Chi Tai Zhu Dan.

3. Open social atmosphere

Characteristics: open, full of vitality, inclusive

4. Colorful literature and art

1. Tang poetry:: ① Li Bai's poems praise the majesty of the mountains and rivers of the motherland, are full of imagination and appeal, and have strong romantic feelings. Therefore, Li Bai enjoys the reputation of "Poetic Immortal". ② Du Fu's poems reflect the true situation of history, so they are called "the history of poetry", and he is known as the "Sage of Poetry". ③Bai Juyi's poems are approachable and easy to understand. Women and children can sing them, and they are very popular among the public.

2. Calligraphy: The most famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty are Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Ouyang Xun 3. Painters: The most famous painters in the Tang Dynasty are Yan Liben and Wu Daozi.

Lesson 4 Sino-foreign cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty

1. Exchanges with Japan

(1) Envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty: They were sent by the Japanese government to the Tang Dynasty for exchanges of the mission. They transmitted the Tang Dynasty's advanced systems, astronomical calendars, characters, classics, calligraphy, and architectural techniques back to Japan, which had a profound impact on the development of Japanese society.

(2) Jianzhen’s eastward journey: Jianzhen, the most influential monk in the Tang Dynasty, traveled eastward to Japan to teach Buddhism and made outstanding contributions to Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges. (Designing the Tangzhaoti Temple for Japan; in the past 12 years, the first five attempts to cross eastward failed, but the sixth attempt was successful, and both eyes were blind)

2. Contact with Tianzhu (India)

(1) Xuanzang’s Westward Journey: During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang went through many hardships and traveled westward to Tianzhu to study Buddhism. Xuanzang's knowledge was compiled into a book by his disciples. "The Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" is a precious document for studying the history of Sino-foreign exchanges.

(Xuan Zang? The prototype of Tang Monk in "Journey to the West")

3. Reasons for frequent exchanges (reasons that attract countries from all over the world to come to China): ▲▲▲

A. Tang Dynasty The political power was strong, the country was unified, and the society was stable; B. The Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of opening up to the outside world; C. Xuanzang, Jianzhen and other Chinese and foreign cultural exchange envoys also played an important role. D. Land and sea transportation was developed in the Tang Dynasty.

4. The Tang Dynasty’s foreign policy: the policy of opening up to the outside world and friendly exchanges. ▲▲▲

Enlightenment for us today: A. Only when a country has a developed economy and advanced culture can it have radiating power and attraction to foreign countries. B. Only when a country is open to the outside world and actively communicates can it benefit , some progress has been made.

Lesson 5 The Anshi Rebellion and the Decline of the Tang Dynasty

1. The Anshi Rebellion (the turning point that led to the Tang Dynasty turning from prosperity to weakness)

1. Reasons: A. In the late Kaiyuan period, Tang Xuanzong pursued pleasure and favored nepotism, and the government became increasingly corrupt. B. Social conflicts are acute and the situation on the border is tense. C. Jiedu expands the power, causing external emphasis and internal lightness. D. An Lushan served as the military governor of the three border areas and gradually expanded his power.

2. Characters: An Lushan and Shi Siming

3. Result and impact: caused great damage to the social economy, and the Tang Dynasty's national power changed from prosperity to prosperity decline. The old generals of Anshi and the inland Jiedushi increased their power, gradually forming a situation of separatist vassal towns.

2. Peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty: Huangchao uprising, the result: was jointly suppressed by Zhu Wen and other vassal towns, but it dealt a heavy blow to the rulers of the Tang Dynasty.

3. The demise of the Tang Dynasty: In 907, Zhu Wen established the Houliang regime, and our country entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

The Four and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: in the Yellow River Basin in the north, the regimes of Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Wu appeared successively; in the south, Wu, Southern Tang, Wu Yue, Former Shu, Later Shu, Chu, and Fujian appeared The nine regimes of the Han Dynasty, the Southern Han Dynasty, and the Nanping Dynasty, plus the Northern Han Dynasty, which ruled Taiyuan in the north, are known as the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" in history.

Impact: Although the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was a period of political separation, unification was always an inevitable trend.

4 learning methods for the first grade of junior high school history

Cultivate interest.

Einstein said that interest is the best teacher. No matter which subject you study, only if you are interested in it can you generate the motivation to learn it, so the same is true for the study of politics and history. Studying history and politics in middle school is not just for grades. A person's political and historical level is often reflected in his or her cultivation. With interest, learning becomes a kind of enjoyment, and learning is easy and enjoyable. To study politics and history, you must first cultivate your interest in politics and history.

Learn to summarize.

Learning politics and history cannot just be a matter of rote memorization, but must learn to summarize. For junior high school history, you can use time as a clue to connect the historical events you have learned, and then expand and broaden your historical knowledge, and then firmly grasp the content of the textbook. For junior high school politics, you can summarize similar hot topics together, compare their differences, and compare the differences in how they reflect the facts. Summarizing political and historical knowledge points in your own way is helpful for learning and mastering.

Read more and pay more attention to hot topics.

We cannot just limit the scope of study to textbooks. When we have mastered the knowledge points in textbooks proficiently enough, we can read more extracurricular books, such as "Historical Records", which is a good way to understand history. extracurricular books. In extracurricular time, we can also take time to watch the news broadcast. We can get views on historical events and hot topics that are not found in books from the news. We can understand the public’s views on hot topics from the news, which is very important for us to study the politics of junior high school. and history is very useful.

Changing the score-centered concept of learning history: