After spending several years tutoring young Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens. In 335 BC, he established his own school, the Academy. In the next 12 years, Aristotle taught courses in the college. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died. Aristotle soon had a relationship with Herbilis of Stajila, who gave birth to a son named after his father, Nico Marcos.
It is believed that Aristotle created many of his works during this period in Athens. Although Aristotle wrote a dialogue, only some fragments survived. The surviving works are all in the form of papers, and most of them are not widely published. These are usually considered as class notes or texts used by his students. The most important ones are physics, metaphysics (or ontology), Nicomachean ethics, politics, soul theory and poetics. Although these works are related in many basic aspects, they are quite different in style and content.
I. Life Introduction Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a famous scientist and philosopher in ancient Greece. Born in 384 BC in the city of Stekira on the north shore of Aegean Sea. Aristotle, the son of a royal doctor in Macedonia, had a special interest in natural science since he was a child. Father often teaches him some anatomy and medical knowledge, and he sometimes helps his father do some surgery. Aristotle/Kloc-went to Athens at the age of 0/7, and became a great disciple of Plato (427-347 BC), a famous ancient Greek philosopher, and engaged in study and research for 20 years. He was curious, brilliant and outstanding, and Plato praised him as "the spirit of the academy". In 343 BC, Aristotle became the court teacher of Prince Alexander, who was only 13 years old. In 340 BC, Alexander was regent and Aristotle returned to his hometown. In 335 BC, he returned to Athens, founded a Lv Keang College and established a new school of philosophy. Because the teachers and students of this school often discussed problems while walking in the garden, people called it a free and unfettered school at that time.
In the summer of 323 BC, Alexander the Great died on his way back to Babylon from India. Since then, Aristotle has suffered many setbacks in politics. He decided to leave Athens, Lv Keang College and his mother's hometown to live in seclusion. He died in 322 BC and was buried in Calci at the age of 62.
Second, scientific achievements.
1. Aristotle is a master of Greek classical culture, and Engels called him the most knowledgeable person. His works are ancient encyclopedias, and it is said that there are 400 to 1000 books, mainly including instrumentalism, metaphysics, physics, ethics, politics, poetics and so on. There are many relations with physics: physics (8 volumes, with Chinese translation, Zhang Yi, Commercial Press, Beijing, 1982), celestial theory (4 volumes), origin and decline (2 volumes), meteorology (4 volumes). Another book, Mechanical Problems, was forged by later generations.
2. In physics, Aristotle's most important contribution is to create the name of this subject. The modern Latin word "Physica" for the word "physics" comes from the Greek word Φ ν ι ζ (nature). In addition, he made a reasonable estimate of the size of the earth at that time.
3. Aristotle made a lot of investigations on the wonderful biological world by scientific methods. He led his assistant to travel around the country, collecting specimens, classifying them and learning as much as possible about animals and plants. He is a great biologist. The most valuable scientific contributions in his life were in zoology and anatomy. He classified more than 500 different animals and plants, dissected dozens of animals, correctly pointed out that whales were viviparous, described the development of stomach and chicken embryos of ruminants, and the regeneration of cephalopods.
4. In addition, Aristotle made some preliminary observations and explanations on the physical phenomena such as rainbow, vision, the relationship between pipe length and music, and he also proved that the earth is round from the solar eclipse and the change of constellations.