Image is the spirit of the art of poetry, and it is the objective object in the poem that casts the author's subjective feelings. In the long history of Chinese classical poetry, many traditional images have been formed, and their meanings are basically fixed. If we are familiar with these images, it will be of great help in appreciating poetry.

1. Farewell imagery (either to express feelings of reluctance or to describe thoughts after farewell)

1. Willow. It originates from "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Caiwei": "In the past, when I left, the willows were still there; now I am thinking about them, the rain and snow are falling." The dependence of the willows and the feeling of farewell are blended together. "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic. When the ancients said goodbye, they often broke willows to express their deep feelings of farewell. Many literati used it to express feelings of resentment and nostalgia. For example, in Liu Yong's poem "Yulin Ling", "Where can I wake up tonight? Willow bank, dawn wind and waning moon" and so on.

2. Changting. In ancient times, there were pavilions along the roads for travelers to rest or say farewell. For example, the Northern Zhou Dynasty writer Yu Xin's "Ai Jiangnan Ode": "Ten miles and five miles, there are long pavilions and short pavilions. That is to say, ten miles and one long pavilion, five miles and one short pavilion." "Long pavilion" has become an image that contains the feeling of attachment and farewell. In ancient times, farewell appears constantly in poetry. For example, in Liu Yong's "Yulin Ling", "The chilling cicadas are sad, facing the Changting Pavilion at night" and so on.

3. Nanpu. Nanpu is often seen in farewell poems on the southern waterways. It has become a common image in farewell poems and has a lot to do with the famous saying in Qu Yuan's "Jiu Ge·He Bo": "I fight with my son and go eastward, and send my beauty to Nanpu". After the Southern Dynasties writer Jiang Yan wrote "Farewell Ode" ("The spring grass is green, the spring water is rippling, I see you off at Nanpu, how sad it is!"), Nanpu appeared more and more in farewell poems; it appeared in farewell poems in the Tang and Song Dynasties It is more common to get it, such as "Farewell to Nanpu is sad, the west wind curls up in autumn" in Bai Juyi's "Farewell to Nanpu" in the Tang Dynasty.

4. Wine. Yang Zai of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Whenever you give someone a lot of wine, you can express your feelings, write about the scene of the moment to express your feelings, and express your gratitude with words of encouragement." In addition to relieving sadness, wine is also full of deep blessings. There are many poems that link wine and separation, such as: "I urge you to drink one more glass of wine in "Weicheng Song" by Wang Wei, and "I can't get drunk when I leave Yangguan in the west". "We are about to say goodbye happily and tragically, and the vast river is soaked in the moon when we say goodbye" and so on. They all use wine to express the feeling of separation.

2. Homesick images (either expressing longing for hometown, or expressing concern for relatives)

1. The moon. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poetry is synonymous with homesickness. For example, Li Bai's "Quiet Night Thoughts": "There is a bright moonlight in front of the bed, and I suspect it is frost on the ground. I look up at the bright moon, and lower my head to think about my hometown." Especially Su Shi's "Shui Diao Songtou: When will the bright moon come": "I hope that people will live a long life and travel thousands of miles* **Chanjuan. "Starting from good wishes and writing about brotherhood. The artistic conception is open-minded and meaningful, and one can experience life in a profound, bottomless and wonderful natural realm.

2. Wild Goose: The wild goose is a large migratory bird. The scene of flying back to its hometown every autumn often causes wanderers to miss their homes and relatives and the sadness of traveling. Therefore, poets often use wild geese to express their emotions. For example, in Li Qingzhao's "A Cut of Plum Blossoms", "When the wild goose returns, the moon is full on the west tower." At the end of "The Romance of the West Chamber" of the Yuan Dynasty, Cui Yingying sang "Blue sky, yellow flowers, strong west wind, flying geese from the north to the south. Who is drunk in the frost forest at dawn? People always shed tears when they leave." The scenes are intertwined, and the emotions are unbearable. An eternal song.

3. Water shield soup with perch. The classic book is "Book of Jin·Biography of Zhang Han". It is said that Zhang Han of the Jin Dynasty was an official in Luoyang at that time. When he saw the autumn wind, he missed the delicious "water shield soup and perch" in his hometown, so he resolutely abandoned his official position and returned home. From then on, the word "thinking of water shield and perch" was coined to express his homesickness. idiom. Later, literati used the words "Water Shield Soup and Perch Sauce" and "Water Shield Perch Autumn Thoughts" to refer to homesickness. For example, Mr. Ma Xingye, the former president of the Central Daily News of the Kuomintang, wrote a poem "Mr. Chengnan Huaijin thanks for the gift of fresh food": "Thank you for the long flavor of the seaweed and perch, and the fragrance of Yanshan and Ouhai. There are tears in front of my eyes, and I want to test whether the fish is alive." "I can't bear to taste it." It made many people shed tears of homesickness and family reunion.

4. Double carp. Carp refers to letters, and the allusion comes from the Han Dynasty Yuefu poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Grottoes": "A guest came from afar and left me a pair of carps. When I cooked the carp, there was a ruler in the middle." In addition, in ancient times, people often used the shape of a carp. The letter set contains letters, so many literati also use carp to refer to letters in poems. For example: Song Dynasty Yan Jidao's poem "Butterflies in Love with Flowers": "The butterflies are gone and the orioles are flying and there is nowhere to ask. Across the water, there is a tall building, and I can't see the letter of the Pisces." Song Wan of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Happy Zhou Hua Cen Sees You": "I haven't seen my beloved for a long time, and I once caught a pair of carps. ”

In addition, there are behavioral images, such as “breaking clothes”, which also express concern for loved ones.

The state of pounding clothes under the moon and the sound of anvils carried by the wind not only makes people miss their wives, but also easily touches the feelings of wanderers. Therefore, the image of pounding clothes is also one of the traditional images of homesickness. For example, the third chapter of "Midnight Wu Song" by Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty: "There is a moon in Chang'an, and the sound of thousands of households banging their clothes. The autumn wind can't blow, but it is always the love of the jade. When will the Hulu be pacified, and the good man will stop the expedition?"

3. Sad images (either to express sadness or sorrow, or to exaggerate a desolate and desolate atmosphere)

1. Wutong. In classical Chinese poetry, it is a symbol of desolation and sadness. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Slow Sound" of the Song Dynasty: "The sycamore trees are also drizzled, and at dusk, bit by bit." Xu Zaisi, a Yuan Dynasty man, "Double Tune Water Fairy Night Rain": "The sound of phoenix leaves means autumn, the bit of banana leaves means sadness, and the three After the third watch of the dream, "the fallen leaves of the sycamore tree are used to describe the sadness and sorrow."

2. Plantain. In poetry, it is often associated with loneliness and sadness, especially the emotions of separation. Song Dynasty poems include Li Qingzhao's "Tianzi Chou Nuer": "Who planted banana trees in front of the window? The atrium is filled with shade. The atrium is filled with shade, and the leaves are relaxed and have a sense of abandonment." He pours out his sadness and melancholy.

3. Flowing water. Water is connected with the long thread of sorrow in ancient Chinese poetry, often conveying the sadness and sadness of the short life and the unpredictable fate. For example: Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty wrote "Xuanzhou Xie·loujie Farewell School Secretary Shu Yun": "Cut the knife to cut off the water, the water will flow more, raise the cup to relieve the sorrow, and the sorrow will become more sorrowful. Life is not satisfactory in the world, and the Ming Dynasty spread it and made the boat flat." Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Ci" ": "The mountains are covered with red flowers, and the spring water of the Shu River beats the mountain flow. The red flowers fade easily like Lang Yi, and the infinite water flow is like Nong's sorrow." Li Yu's "Lang Tao Sha": "The flowers fall on the flowing water and the spring is gone, and it is heaven and earth." Li Yu "Yu" "Beauty": "Asking you how much sorrow you can have is just like a river of spring water flowing eastward." Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty "Treading on the Shasha": "The sorrow of separation gradually becomes infinite, and the distance is endless like spring water." Qin Guan's "Jiangchengzi": " The spring river is filled with endless tears and a lot of sorrow."

4. Ape. Ancient poems often use ape cries to express a sad feeling. For example, in the "Shui Jing Zhu·Jiang Shui" by Li Daoyuan, a geographer and essayist of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the fisherman's song says: "The Wu Gorge of the Badong Three Gorges is long, and the apes cry three times and the clothes are stained with tears." Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty said in "Climbing the High": " The wind is strong and the sky is high, the apes are screaming in mourning, and the white birds are flying back from the clear sand in Zhu. "Zhao Gu's "Remembering Shanyang": "It's a sad time to go back, and the flowers are falling and the apes are crying again."

5. cuckoo. In ancient mythology, Emperor Wangdi, the monarch of Shu in the last years of the Zhou Dynasty, was forced to give up his throne to his ministers and lived in seclusion in the mountains. After his death, his soul turned into a cuckoo bird. Touching the heart. Therefore, the cuckoo in ancient poetry has become a symbol of desolation and sadness. "The Road to Shu is Difficult" by Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty: "I also heard that the son returned and cried at the night moon, and he was worried about the empty mountain." Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing": "What did I hear in the morning and evening? The cuckoo crows and the blood ape mourns." Qin Guan of the Song Dynasty "Treading on the Shasha" ": "It's so cold in the spring when the solitary house is closed, and the sun sets in the dusk in the sound of cuckoos." and so on, all use the cuckoo's cry to express sadness, desolation, or longing for home. In addition, the setting sun (sunset, setting sun) often conveys feelings of desolation, loss, vastness and depression. For example, Li Shangyin of the Tang Dynasty's "Le Youyuan": "The sunset is infinitely beautiful, but it is almost dusk." Wang Wei's "Shi to the Fortress": "The solitary smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun sets over the long river." Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty's "Guizhixiang·Jinling Nostalgia" : "The sails are sailing in the setting sun, with the west wind at our back and the wine flags leaning."

4. Expressive images (or holding objects to show noble qualities, or expressing emotions)

1 . chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum has always been favored by literati. Some people praise its strong character, while others appreciate its noble temperament. Qu Yuan's "Li Sao": "Drinking magnolias in the morning are like falling dew, and eating autumn chrysanthemums in the evening are like falling flowers." The poet uses drinking dew and eating flowers to express his pure, ice-clear, and otherworldly quality. Tao Yuanming, a pastoral poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote many poems about chrysanthemums. He naturally connected the elegant and indifferent image of chrysanthemums with his own interests and aspirations, such as "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the southern mountains." In "Cold Chrysanthemum" by Zheng Sixiao of the Song Dynasty, "I would rather die with the fragrance on the branches than to be blown by the north wind"; in "Two Chrysanthemums after the Double Ninth Festival" by Fan Chengda of the Song Dynasty, "The lonely eastern fence is wet with dew, and the gold in front shines on the sand" and other poems. , all use chrysanthemums to express the poet's spiritual quality. Mao Zedong's "Picking Mulberries: Double Ninth Festival" contains the sentence "Yellow flowers are particularly fragrant on the battlefield", which places chrysanthemums in a war environment. The three words "especially fragrant" highlight Mao Zedong's revolutionary optimism.

2. Plum blossom. Plum blossoms are the first to bloom in the severe cold, and then lead to the fragrance of brilliant flowers. Therefore, plum blossoms are proud of the snow, strong and indomitable, and are admired and praised by poets. Chen Liang from the Song Dynasty wrote in "Plum Blossoms": "One flower suddenly changes first, and all flowers are fragrant later.

"The poet grasped the characteristics of plum blossoms that bloom first, and wrote about the quality of not being afraid of setbacks and daring to be the first in the world. He was not only praising plum blossoms, but also praising himself. Wang Anshi's "Plum Blossoms": "I know it is not snow from a distance, because there is a faint fragrance coming. "The poem not only describes how plum blossoms spread far and wide due to the wind, but also implicitly expresses the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, achieving an artistic effect of both fragrance and color. Lu You's famous poem "Ode to Plum Blossoms": "Falled into mud and crushed into dust. , only the fragrance remains the same. "I use plum blossoms to describe my devastated misfortune and my noble sentiments that I don't want to be complicit in. "Mo Mei" by Wang Mian of the Yuan Dynasty: "Don't let people praise you for your good color, just leave the pure energy to fill the universe. "The pure and pure plum blossoms are also used to describe one's unwillingness to be complicit. The words are simple but the meaning is profound.

3. Pines and cypresses. "The Analects of Confucius·Zihan" said: "The year is cold, and then the pines and cypresses wither. also. "The author praises the cold resistance of pines and cypresses to praise their unyielding personality, with vivid images and lofty artistic conception, which inspired endless poetry and painting in later generations of literati. Liu Zhen, a native of the Three Kingdoms, "Gift to Congdi": "Don't you suffer from the cold, pines and cypresses have their own nature. With this sentence, the poet encourages his cousin to be as loyal as pines and cypresses, and to maintain noble qualities under any circumstances. Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Giving Books to the Emperor Huang Shang": "I hope you will learn from the pine trees, and be careful not to be like peaches and plums." "Wei Huangshang has always flattered the powerful, so Li Bai wrote a poem to persuade him, hoping that he would be an upright person. In the poem "About to go to Ruzhou, leaving the dredging on the way, and leaving a message to Li Xianggong" by Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty, "Later, the wealth has withered, and the years have passed. Pines and cypresses are still there in the cold." Pines and cypresses are also used to symbolize a lonely and strong character.

4. Bamboo. Slim and tall, tall and varied, because it "will not wither in the frost and snow, and will always flourish after four seasons." His character has won the love and praise of poets both ancient and modern. In Bai Juyi's "Bamboo Raising Notes", bamboo is used as a metaphor for life, and he knows how to cultivate virtues in the world: "Bamboo is like a virtuous person, so what? The roots of bamboo are solid, and they are used to cultivate virtue. When a gentleman sees his roots, he will think of those who are good at building things. Bamboo has a straight nature, and it is upright to stand tall; when a gentleman sees its nature, he thinks of it as neutral and undependable. The heart of the bamboo is empty, as empty as the body. When a gentleman sees its heart, he thinks of the empty one. Bamboo knots are chastity, and chastity is used to establish one's ambition; when a gentleman sees the knots, he will think about honing his reputation and deeds, and those who are harmonious and dangerous. This is the case, so it is true for a gentleman to have many trees in his garden. "Zhang Jiuling's poem "He Huangmen Lu Shi Yu Ying Bamboo" praises concisely and comprehensively: "People with high moral integrity respect each other and have an open mind to understand the world. "Su Shi's "Yu Qianseng Luyunxuan" has a famous line about bamboo: "It is better to eat without meat than live without bamboo. The absence of meat makes people thin, and the absence of bamboo makes people vulgar. People who are thin can still gain weight, but scholars and common people cannot cure it. "Bamboo is regarded as the highest symbol of the demeanor of a celebrity. Zheng Banqiao chanted and painted bamboo throughout his life, and left many beautiful verses about bamboo, such as: "Stick to the green mountains and never relax, and the roots are still in the broken rocks. It has endured thousands of blows but is still strong, regardless of the winds from east to west, north and south. "It praises the green bamboo standing among the rocks for its tenacity and indomitable character and its innate character of not being afraid of adversity and thriving.