1. Ancient poems about idealism and materialism
Famous poems about materialism: Wang Fuzhi: "The two qi of yin and yang are full of Taixu, and there is nothing else and no gap.
The image of the sky and the shape of the earth are all within its scope. ""It is scattered and returned to Taixu, and its original body is restored, not destroyed."
The birth of common things is due to their constant nature and is not an illusion." Laozi: Laozi: Misfortunes are where blessings depend, and blessings are where misfortunes lie.
The heaven and earth are united, and all things arise on their own. (Wang Chong) Madam cannot move heaven with her actions, nor will heaven respond to people's actions.
(Wang Chong) Heaven's behavior is constant, and it will not exist for Yao, nor will it perish for Jie. (Xunzi) Berkeley: Existence is perceived and known, and not knowing is not known, which is knowing! Xunzi of the Warring States Period: "Heaven and earth unite to create all things, and yin and yang connect to change."
Idealism: The essence of the world is consciousness. It is not matter that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter. (Consciousness is primary, material is secondary) ① Subjective idealism: The world is created and determined by human consciousness. Song Dynasty philosopher Lu Xiangshan: "The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe."
Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming: "There is nothing outside the heart." Engels British philosopher Berkeley: Existence is to be perceived .
Objects are "combinations of feelings" and "collections of ideas". "If your eyes are open, the flowers will be bright; if your eyes are closed, the flowers will be silent."
②Objective idealism: The world is created and determined by some kind of god or elusive absolute concept. Zhu Xi, a philosopher of the Song Dynasty: "Principle comes first."
Plato: The world is the shadow of "idea". Hegel: The essence of the world is the independent existing "absolute spirit". 2. Famous sentences or ancient texts about epistemology
1. The harmony of heaven and earth makes all things come into being.
All things in the universe exist naturally and are not dominated by human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.
2. Think about it every day and dream about it at night. Explain that consciousness is a reflection of matter.
Another example is that some of the myths, religious rumors, and scientific fantasies we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted reflections, and some are illusory or exaggerated reflections.
3. A clever woman cannot make a meal without rice. It shows that matter comes first and consciousness comes last. Without matter, there would be no consciousness reflecting matter.
It fully embodies the principle that matter determines consciousness. 4. Cover your ears and steal the bell.
It violates the principle that matter determines consciousness. Trying to replace objective reality with subjective desires.
Another example is "painting cakes to satisfy hunger", "looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst", "Zheng people buying shoes", "cutting feet to fit shoes", etc. also belong to this meaning. 5. It looks like a ridge from the side and a peak from the side, with different heights near and far.
It shows that whether the consciousness is correct or not is directly related to a person's stance, viewpoint, and method of looking at the problem. Another example is, "The father-in-law is right when he says it to the public, and the mother-in-law is right when she says it to her mother-in-law." This is also true.
6. The benevolent sees benevolence, and the wise see wisdom. Explaining the same thing, due to different personal knowledge structures, the views will be different.
For example, the painter views the painting "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" from an aesthetic perspective, the economist views it from an economic development perspective, and the historian views it from a social and historical perspective. 7. Where there is a will, there is a way.
Explain that consciousness has a counterproductive effect on matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development of things; on the contrary, it will hinder the development of things.
Another example is the same principle as "fullness brings losses, modesty benefits", "man can conquer nature", "things depend on man-made things", "ingenuity and ingenuity" etc. 8. When the form exists, the spirit exists; when the form disappears, the spirit disappears.
It shows that human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. Form exists and spirit exists, form thanks to spirit and disappears. This is a materialist point of view.
Another example is, "Heaven and earth unite to create all things, and Yin and Yang connect to change." This means that all things in the universe are not created by God, but are the result of their own contradictory movements, which is also materialism. 9. There is nothing outside the heart.
It means that matter exists in human consciousness, and there is nothing outside consciousness. This belongs to the same idealism as "existence is perceived", "objects are a collection of ideas", "if the eyes are open, the flowers will be bright, and if the eyes are closed, the flowers will be silent".
10. Not only the superior, not only the book, but only the reality. This is the consistent leading thought of Comrade Chen Yun, which requires us to proceed from reality in all practical work, seek truth from facts, and oppose dogmatism, bookism, empiricism and superstitious slavery.
In other words, we must adhere to materialism and oppose idealism. 11. Running water does not rot, and door hinges do not suffer from beetles.
Explain that matter and motion are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter.
12. Carve a boat and seek a sword. It is looking at the problem from a static point of view, which violates the point of view that matter is moving and changing.
Another example is "waiting for the rabbit" and so on. 13. One cannot step into the same river twice.
It shows that objective things are constantly moving and changing.
On the contrary, some people propose that "people cannot step into the same river even once", which goes to the extreme and denies relative stillness. It is a kind of agnosticism.
14. Heaven is always on its way, neither to survive nor to perish. It means that there are certain laws in the changes in nature. It does not exist because Rao is a holy king, nor does it disappear because Jie is a tyrant.
Another example is, "Swan geese leave the north of the Great Wall and move for more than ten thousand miles." "Eat rice from the south in winter and fly to the north in spring."
It shows that the movement of living things follows the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest. "The changes of heaven and earth, cold and heat, wind and rain, floods, droughts, borers and locusts, all have their own laws."
(Shen Kuo) 15. Pull the seedlings to encourage their growth. It shows that the biological growth process follows certain laws. If you try to replace objective laws with subjective will, you will inevitably be punished.
Another example is, "How bold a person is, how productive the land is", "Human rationality legislates nature", etc. also fall into this category. 16. If you don’t follow the pattern when chopping firewood, you will die from exhaustion.
Explain that laws are objective, and giving full play to subjective initiative must be based on respecting objective laws. Otherwise, success will not be achieved. 17. Hardships and hardships will bring you success.
It shows that respecting the rules and acting according to the rules must give full play to people's subjective initiative, so that they can overcome difficulties and win victory under the guidance of the rules. 18. Act within your ability.
It means that in actual work, we must proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, and do not do things that are beyond our ability but forced to do, so that the subjective will violate the objective. 19. Emancipate your mind and seek truth from facts.
Emancipating the mind means that objective things are constantly changing and developing. To adapt to the changed situation, we must get rid of old ideas and superstitious blind obedience; seeking truth from facts means starting from objective reality and deducing regularities from it, Follow the rules. The two are unified. Without the spirit of seeking truth from facts, it is impossible to emancipate the mind. On the contrary, if the mind cannot adapt to the changed situation, there is no such thing as seeking truth from facts.
20. Opposites complement each other. It means that things themselves contain two aspects that are both opposite and unified, that is, contradiction.
Another example is the same as "complementing each other". 21. A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise.
It embodies the principle of contradictory identity. That is to say, the two contradictory parties are not only interdependent, but also transform into each other under certain conditions.
Another example is, "humility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind", "fullness brings harm, modesty benefits", "being prepared for danger in times of peace", etc. all contain the principle of identity of contradictions. 22. Know yourself and the enemy, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger.
It embodies the principle of universality of contradiction. We are required to think about problems and adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy when doing things.
Another example is, "Listen to both, and you will be enlightened, and if you listen to one side, you will be dark." 23. If you attack one point, you won’t be as good as the rest.
It violates the principle of universality of contradiction, looks at the problem from a one-sided point of view, makes one-point arguments, and denies the dichotomy. Another example is, "Can't see the forest for the trees" is equivalent to this category.
24. Prescribe the right medicine. In line with the principle of the particularity of contradictions, we are required to adhere to specific analysis of specific issues when observing and handling problems.
Another example is, "Adapt measures to local conditions", "Teach students in accordance with their aptitude", "Teach students according to their needs", "A key opens a lock" and "There are no identical fingerprints and no two identical leaves in the world", "All things are the same" and so on include this principle. 25. Play the piano to the cow.
Metaphors treat different things in the same way regardless of their objects, which violates the principle of the particularity of contradiction. Another example is "one's crown and one's hat is worn", "just follow the instructions", "one size fits all", "one size fits all", etc. fall into this category.
26. The finishing touch. Yes. 3. Requesting some short classical Chinese fables
Short classical Chinese fables. Reward points: 0 - Solution time: 2007-10-4 10:01 All meanings need to be translated! Asked by: Geng Baoda Fairy - Probation Period Level 1 Best Answer: Sit back and wait for the rabbit (shǒu zhū dài tù). Explanation: It is a metaphor for clinging to narrow experience and not knowing how to adapt, or holding a lucky mentality and hoping to get something for nothing.
Source from Pre-Qin Dynasty Han Fei's "Han Feizi·Five Beetles": "People in the Song Dynasty plowed their fields. There was a rabbit in the field. It touched the pillar and broke its neck and died." Usage: Linked tense; as object, Attributive; with a derogatory meaning Example Ming·Feng Menglong's "Ancient and Modern Novels·Yang Balao's Strange Encounter in the Kingdom of Yue": "I heard that running a family is based on diligence and frugality, ~, how can it be a good plan?" Synonyms: carving a boat to seek a sword, sticking to the rules, antonym: understanding, contingency, lantern riddles, Liu allusion, Song Dynasty There was a farmer in the country who was turning the soil in the field.
Suddenly, he saw a hare scurry out of the grass nearby, hit a tree pillar on the edge of the field, and fell there motionless. The farmer walked over and took a look: the rabbit was dead.
Because it ran too fast, its neck was broken (shé). The farmer was so happy that he picked up a fat and big hare without any effort.
He thought to himself; if he could pick up hares every day, his life would be easier. From then on, he never bothered to farm again.
Every day, he put the hoe next to him and lay in front of the tree pillar, waiting for the second and third hare to bump into the tree pillar. There are so many cheap things in the world.
Of course the farmer did not pick up the killed hare, but his field was deserted. [Tip] This is a popular fable.
The rabbit crashed and died on a tree stump. This is an accidental phenomenon in life. The farmer in the Song Dynasty mistook it as an inevitable phenomenon that often occurred, and ended up with his fields deserted and nothing gained.
If you don’t rely on your own diligent work and try to live by luck, you will not get good results. We must not be fools who "just wait and wait".
[Original text] There were people who cultivated fields in the Song Dynasty. There was a plant ① in the field. A rabbit walked along and touched the plant ②. It broke its neck and died.
To release the weeds and guard the plant ③, hoping to get the rabbit ④ again. The rabbit cannot be recovered, but it is the song of Song Dynasty.
——"Han Feizi" [Annotation] ①tree--the roots and stems of trees exposed on the ground. ②Walk - run, escape.
③Lei (lěi) - an ancient agricultural tool shaped like a wooden fork. ④ Wing - hope.
⑤As a member of the Song Dynasty, he was laughed at - but he himself was laughed at by the people of the Song Dynasty. yǎn ěr dào líng Definition: to cover up; to steal: to steal.
Cover your ears and steal the bell. Metaphor to deceive yourself.
Source from Lu Buwei's "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Zi Zhi" in the Warring States Period: "People who have a bell want to carry it and walk away, but the bell is too big to bear. If you destroy it with the vertebrae, the bell will still have a sound.
Afraid of being heard and taken away from you, you cover your ears. "Used in linking form; used as predicate, attributive, and adverbial; with derogatory meaning. Example: Act 4 of Hong Shen's "The Young Mistress's Fan": "I think I can keep my own. Aloof, isn't it~? "Synonyms: self-deception, self-defeating, antonyms: frankness, riddles and allusions. Once upon a time, there was a person who was very stupid and selfish, and he also had a bad habit of taking advantage.
Whatever he likes, he always tries his best to get it, and even steals it. Once, it took a fancy to the bell hanging on the door of a house.
The door bell is very delicately made, beautiful and has a loud sound. He thought, how can he get it? Finally decided to steal it.
He clearly knew that as long as he touched the bell with his hand, it would sound "ding zero, ting zero, ding zero". When the doorbell rings, your ears will hear the sound of the bell. If you make a sound, you will be discovered.
Then you won’t get the bell. What to do? Suddenly he came up with an idea.
He believed that when the doorbell rang, his ears would be able to hear it. If he covered his ears, wouldn’t he be unable to hear it? So, he cleverly adopted this method to steal the doorbell. One night, he took advantage of the moonlight and tiptoed to the front door of the house.
He stretched out his hand to pick the bell, but the doorbell was hung too high and could not be reached, so he had to come back disappointed. When he got home, what did he want to do? He wanted to ask the deaf neighbor to steal the bell together, and he could pick the bell by stepping on his shoulder.
But I am afraid that others will not do it and steal things with him, so I have to step on the stool and pick the bells by myself. The next night, he took the stool and tiptoed to the door of the house.
He stepped on the stool, covering his ears with one hand, and picking the bell with the other. Unexpectedly, as soon as he touched the bell, the bell rang. When the owner of the house noticed it, he caught him.
Because other people’s ears are not covered, they can still hear the sound of the bell. Source: "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Self-knowledge": "People who have a bell want to carry it and walk away, but the bell is too big to carry it.
Destroy it with the vertebrae, but the bell still has a sound. I am afraid that people will hear it and take it away. Ji Ye, cover his ears quickly."
Explanation: cover: cover, cover; steal: steal. Steal the bell and cover your ears for fear of being heard.
It is a metaphor for deceiving oneself, trying to cover up things that obviously cannot be covered up. [Tip] The sound of bells exists objectively and does not disappear just because you block your ears; everything in the world also exists objectively and does not cease to exist or change shape just because you close your eyes.
Although this fable is short, it vividly and vividly illustrates a basic principle of dialectical materialism: not facing up to or studying the objective reality, and adopting an attitude of closing one's eyes and listening. You are deceiving yourself and others, and you will suffer the consequences in the end. [Original text] With the death of the Fan family ①, there are people who are worthy of the bell ②.
If you want to carry it and walk away ③, the bell will be too big to bear; if you destroy the vertebrae ④, the bell will still have a sound ⑤. He was afraid that the world would snatch him away, so he suddenly covered his ears ⑥.
——"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" [Notes] ①The death of the Fan family——The Fan family was a nobleman of the Pu Kingdom at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. After being defeated by the alliance of four other noble families, he fled to the Qi Kingdom. To flee, to flee.
② Bell - an ancient percussion instrument. ③ Negative - carry something on your back.
④ vertebral column (chuí) - hammer.
⑤ Condition (huàng) Ran - describes the sound of bells.
⑥饽(jǜ)——rapidly. Steal the bell and cover your ears for fear of being heard.
It is a metaphor for deceiving oneself, trying to cover up things that obviously cannot be covered up. North pole Pronunciation nán yuán běi zhé Explanation: Want to go south but the car goes north instead.
Metaphorical action and purpose are exactly opposite. Source: "Warring States Policies·Wei Ce IV": "You still have to go north to Chu."
Original text: The king of Wei wanted to attack Handan, Ji Liang admonished him: "Now I have come to see people in Daxing,. 4. Fan Zhen studied classical Chinese.
Original text: 1. When he was young and poor, he served his mother filial piety. I started to follow him. He was outstanding and diligent in his studies. He was honored as a master by himself.
He stayed under Wang Xian's family for many years, walking back and forth on the road in plain clothes. Wang Xian's gate is full of carriages and horses, and he is cautious at his gate.
He is well versed in Confucian classics, and is especially proficient in "Three Rites" ④.
He only got along well with his younger brother Xiao Chen, whose name was oral debate. Philosopher, atheist. ②Liu Wangxian (hun): He is well versed in the Five Classics and is regarded as a great Confucian by the world. ③Mang (juē): Straw sandals. (④"Three Rites": the collective name of "Rites", "Zhou Rites" and "Book of Rites" . ⑤ Xiao Chen: A native of the Southern Dynasties. Translation: Fan Zhen's father died when he was young. His family was poor and he served his mother filially and respectfully. When he was under twenty, he followed the scholars of Pei State. Liu Wangxian studied with Liu Wangxian, who valued him very much and personally crowned him.
Fan Zhen stayed with Liu Wangxian for many years. He always wore straw sandals and common clothes and went out on foot. Fan Zhen lived among them and was not ashamed at all.
When Fan Zhen became an adult, he was proficient in Confucian classics and was especially proficient in the Three Rites (Zhou Rites, Rites, and the Book of Rites). He is simple and frank by nature, and likes to make unconventional and grand remarks, which his friends think is inappropriate.
He only gets along best with his cousin Xiao Chen. Xiao Chen is famous for his eloquence, but he always admires Fan Zhen for his conciseness and conciseness. 5 . High School Philosophy
I wrote this myself. I hope you can read it patiently and it will be helpful to you
All materialism recognizes that matter determines consciousness
< p> When analyzing ancient texts, we must grasp the two keys of matter and consciousnessFor example, the sentence "My heart is the truth"
Heart = consciousness, consciousness is the truth, is obviously idealism.
Looking at the word "I" again shows that this is subjective idealism
Seeing that you are not familiar with the names of several sects, this is what it looks like:
Ancient Simplicity Materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
Subjective idealism and objective idealism mainly distinguish between these categories
In addition (the key is here), the People's Education Press version clearly explains the divisions between these factions and I will give you some details
Ancient materialism: Attributing the origin of the world to a specific substance such as water, fire, and wood
my country’s ancient Five Elements Yin and Yang theory and ancient Greek philosophy are basically this school
Modern metaphysics ( That is, mechanical materialism): This type of materialism is rarely tested. This type of materialism reduces matter to certain physical elements such as atoms, which confuses the matter in philosophy with the matter in physics. It cannot withstand the test of scientific development
General Marxist philosophy will not let you differentiate. If you learn this, it is correct, so there is no need to differentiate.
Regarding the difference between dialectical materialism and historical materialism you mentioned They are all part of Ma Zhe
The latter is generally used to reveal the laws in the historical field and is easy to distinguish. The former has a wider adaptability
Idealism should pay attention to subjective and objective idealism. The difference
The subjective one is to regard one's own heart as the origin of the world
For example, "It's not the sail that's moving but the heartbeat" and "Open your eyes and see it, it exists otherwise it won't exist." "Existence". These very subjective thoughts are subjective idealism. Objective idealism is to regard a certain idea as the power to dominate the world. The key words are God, Shen Qi, and Li.
It is easy to mistake this for materialism. Be careful even though If there is the word "reason" in the material, it is probably not materialism
Thinking that a certain kind of Qi dominates the world is also objective idealism. The one in your question is it
Finally, I suggest you try again Remember the famous judgments of some famous Chinese and foreign ancient and modern philosophers. Remember which sect these people belong to. For details, please refer to History Compulsory Course 3. Because I give you a sentence and ask you to analyze the author who gave this sentence
I wish you well. Good luck~~~
Oh, I’m exhausted from writing. Please give me some extra points