The background of the subject is that guiding students to carry out extracurricular reading is an important part of Chinese teaching in primary schools. The relationship between reading, oral expression and written expression is an old topic in Chinese teaching, which has long been conclusive. Reading more and reading more promotes the development of students' oral and written expression ability, and to improve primary school students' writing ability, students' reading volume must be greatly increased. The Chinese Curriculum Standard (experimental draft) points out in the stage goal of the first stage: "Like reading, feel the pleasure of reading ... read with pictures in the book ... and accumulate words in reading. Read simple fairy tales, language, stories ... read nursery rhymes, nursery rhymes and simple ancient poems, expand your imagination, get a preliminary emotional experience, feel the beauty of language ... and accumulate your favorite idioms and proverbs. Recite 50 excellent poems (paragraphs). The total amount of extracurricular reading is not less than 50 thousand words. Love books, love books. " The second section points out: "... learn to read silently ... can repeat the main idea of narrative works, initially feel the vivid image and beautiful language in the works, care about the fate and joys and sorrows of the characters in the works, communicate their reading feelings with others ... and accumulate beautiful words and wonderful sentences in the texts, as well as language materials obtained in extracurricular reading and life. Reading excellent poems, pay attention to experiencing emotions and understanding the content in the process of reading. Recite 50 excellent poems (paragraphs). Develop the habit of reading books and newspapers, and collect and exchange books and materials with classmates. The total amount of extracurricular reading is not less than 400,000 words. " The third section points out that ... learn to browse, expand knowledge and collect information as needed ... read excellent poems ... recite 60 excellent poems (sections). Try to use information channels such as libraries and the Internet to carry out inquiry reading. Expand your reading, and the total amount of extracurricular reading is not less than 6.5438+0 million words. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist, said, "Several students with high Chinese proficiency should ask him about his experience and say in unison that they have benefited a lot from extracurricular reading." With the development of the times, TV, video, radio, internet and other media deeply attract students, causing them to hate texts. Therefore, the phenomenon that students are tired of reading extracurricular books is widespread. School teachers pay more attention to Chinese classroom teaching, but don't pay attention to extracurricular reading, or even ask. Even if students are asked to read books after class, there is no guidance and training. At present, there is not much experience to learn from the research on extracurricular reading guidance and cultivating students' oral and written expression ability, and teachers have no way to start and dare not avoid it. Rural cultural environment is backward, parents' educational level is generally low, students have few ways to receive various education, and parents have poor awareness of timely guidance and education for their children. Therefore, compared with urban students, their oral expression and writing skills are poor. Second, research objectives (1) We know that cultivating pupils' interest in extracurricular reading, that is, increasing the intake of language and words, can improve pupils' writing ability, but what effective ways can cultivate pupils' interest in reading? What reading material or content do you choose? What reading methods and how much reading to give students are conducive to cultivating reading interest and improving reading ability? And between reading and writing, how to improve writing ability through reading? There are many misunderstandings and practical ambiguities here. At the same time, how do all grades pay attention to the cultivation of reading interest, reading content and methods? Especially how to cultivate senior students' writing ability and how to adapt extracurricular reading to Chinese teaching? How to combine? How to combine the specific situation and characteristics of our school? To find effective methods, this topic is research. (II) Specific objectives The first stage (lower grades): Focusing on literacy teaching, it is required to break through the boundaries of understanding 65,438+065,438+073 common words in the process of listening, speaking, reading and writing within two years, and to know about 2,000 common words, greatly increasing the literacy, and learning to understand the meaning of words in combination with the context and real life. Learn to read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally. Read the text silently, without reference to reading, and think while reading. Recite more than 30 excellent poems every academic year. Read simple children's books and get a general idea of the content. The second grade extracurricular reading is not less than 50 thousand words. The second stage (middle grade): reading teaching is the main part, and composition teaching is the supplement. In the process of listening, speaking, reading and writing, students can effectively improve their reading quality (including comprehension level, memory level and reading speed) by reading a lot (about 300 articles a year), and can understand the meaning of words in the context or in a dictionary. Can grasp the main content of the article, try to figure out the narrative order of the article, understand the author's thoughts and feelings, and initially understand some expression methods of the author. Can read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally. Silent reading has a certain speed. Recite about 30 excellent poems every academic year. Be able to read appropriate reading materials independently and understand the main contents with the help of dictionaries or related materials. Gradually develop the habit of previewing before class, reviewing after class and reading after class. Extracurricular reading should be no less than 6.5438+0.5 million words in the third grade and no less than 300,000 words in the fourth grade. The third stage (senior grade): focus on composition teaching, read articles with appropriate level, understand the main content, understand the words with certain connotation, understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author, have their own opinions and understand some expression methods of the author. Can read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally. Read other articles and be prepared to read correctly and fluently. Silent reading speed is not less than 300 words per minute. Recite more than 20 excellent poems every academic year. Learn to browse and collect relevant information as needed. Extracurricular reading is not less than 500,000 words per academic year. Gradually cultivate the habit of reading the secretary's notes. In the process of listening, speaking, reading and writing, we can write simple narrative articles and commonly used practical articles that are central, organized and have real feelings, so that we can write articles of about 400 words in 40 minutes, effectively improving our writing level. Third, experimental objects, experimental methods and theoretical basis (I) Determination of experimental objects Our teaching is for all students, so all students are our experimental objects. However, considering the problems of teachers, time and energy, and convenient operation, we decided to carry out the experiment in classes in stages. The experimental classes are determined by random sampling, and one experimental class is determined for each of the three grades, namely Class One (1), Class Three (1) and Class Five (1). The experimental class and the control class are basically the same. (2) Experimental methods The research method is mainly based on experience summary and educational experiments, combined with educational investigation and literature. Through making research plan, practice, reflection, analysis and constant adjustment, the research of the subject is implemented steadily. At the same time, questionnaire survey, quantitative and qualitative analysis are carried out to understand the preliminary results of each stage, and other people's research results are absorbed through literature understanding to guide our research. (III) Theoretical Basis The theoretical hypothesis of our experimental topic is: In Chinese teaching in primary schools, we will break through reading barriers in stages (lower grades, middle grades and higher grades). The theory of this experimental conception mainly comes from the following aspects. 1, the principle of Marxist philosophy, the development of everything is from quantitative change to qualitative change, from qualitative change to new quantitative change. The development of things begins with quantitative change. When the quantitative change reaches a certain level and breaks through a certain boundary, there will be qualitative change. The same is true of Chinese teaching in primary schools. Students can read when they know a certain number of Chinese characters. After reading a certain amount, you can write. As the ancients said, "If you can read ten thousand poems, you can write them." There are many contradictions in the process of Chinese teaching in primary schools, and there are different main contradictions in different learning stages. In the lower grades, the main contradiction in Chinese learning is literacy. If the problem of literacy is solved at this stage, then the main contradiction in Chinese teaching in middle schools is reading. When reading exceeds a certain amount and students have the ability to read, composition becomes the main contradiction, so senior three students focus on composition training. 2. Dissipative structure theory Dissipative structure theory holds that fluctuation leads to order. Fluctuation refers to the deviation of a variable and behavior of the system from the average value, which makes the system leave its original state or orbit. When the system is in different states, fluctuation plays a very different role. When the system is in a stable state, fluctuation is a kind of interference, which causes the chaos of the system trajectory and leads to disorder. At this time, the system has anti-interference ability, which forces the fluctuation to decay gradually and makes the system return to its original state and orbit. If the system is in an unstable critical state, the fluctuation not only does not decay, but enlarges into a "giant fluctuation", which makes the system transition from an unstable state to a new ordered state. Dissipative structure theory also holds that an open system far from equilibrium (that is, non-equilibrium state) can continuously acquire and dissipate external capabilities and molecules, maintain the survival of the system, and form a dynamic, stable and highly orderly structure-dissipative structure. The dissipative structure theory enlightens us that the new Chinese teaching system in primary schools must form great fluctuations in literacy teaching, reading teaching and composition teaching in order to become a macroscopic and orderly dissipative structure. In the process of fluctuation, the training of words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, articles, listening, speaking, reading, writing and books should be far from equilibrium, which will produce coherent effects among subsystems. In the climax stage of literacy teaching, reading teaching and composition teaching should serve literacy; In the climax stage of reading teaching, literacy teaching and composition teaching should serve reading; At the climax of composition teaching, both literacy teaching and reading teaching should serve composition. In addition, Chinese teaching in primary schools should be carried out after class and become an open system. 3. Stimulate students' strong interest in reading. Educational psychology believes that interest is the most realistic and active factor to stimulate learning motivation. Bruner, an American psychologist, also pointed out: "The best stimulus for learning is interest in the materials you have learned." In order to let students read extracurricular books, we must first do everything possible to ignite the fire of students' spiritual interest. With full interest in reading, students will have a strong demand for extracurricular reading and actively participate in it. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Interest is the motivation of students' participation. In order to make students actively participate in extracurricular reading, teachers must create certain conditions or use their existing other behavioral motives and needs to make reading a necessary thing in their lives. For example, in the morning meeting class, introduce a good book to the students in the form of telling stories or introducing contents. I was telling a story to the children when I suddenly braked. Students always urge the teacher to go on. You can lend them books at this time. As soon as the students get the books, they will read them hungrily. Teachers can take the opportunity to introduce other related works to students. In this way, extracurricular reading has become a kind of fun and enjoyment for students. Teachers should be good at stimulating and utilizing students' interest in reading, encouraging them to read and experience with interest, and accumulating language information, so that there are abundant savings in the language warehouse, and they can be comfortable when needed, and writing articles can also be brilliant. The experimental teachers use various methods to give full play to students' initiative, so that students have great interest in reading and can change "I want to read" into "I want to read". Students have expanded their reading range, increased their reading volume and accumulated enough memories. Are they still afraid of a large number of fast outputs? Four. Project implementation process and measures (I) The main stage research is mainly divided into four stages. The first stage is from 2000 to September 20001year, that is, before the project is established. This stage is the preparation stage of research and project establishment, mainly to understand the research status of similar projects, do some investigation and research, establish the experimental ideas of the project, and write research methods and research plans. The second stage is from September 54, 2006 to August 2002. This is a preliminary exploration stage, and the main work is to establish a research group and train project members. Each experimental class makes its own experimental plan and carries out preliminary experimental work. The third stage is from September 2002 to August 2003. This is an in-depth research stage, and the main work is to carry out regular research activities on the subject-regular experimental research classes, research and exchange experimental schemes and implementation methods, regular formative tests and periodic summary, summarize and modify the reading materials used by students on the basis of experiments, and collect data and summarize the results. The fourth stage is from September 2003 to February 5438+June 2003. This is the stage of summing up and thinking. The main work of the research group is to sort out information, process data, analyze results and write research reports. (2) The main contents and measures of the study. Literacy teaching-more than one word. In order to improve the efficiency of literacy teaching and enable students to master more than 2,500 commonly used words as soon as possible, in literacy teaching, junior students start with reading works with phonetic notation and illustrations, gradually understand and master the sounds, shapes and meanings of new words, expand rich associations, and bring out and learn more new words. Repeated use and consolidation, practice makes perfect, bring out some commonly used words through the Chinese characters learned, break through the literacy barrier and improve reading ability. 2, reading teaching-more than one article. There are a large number of reading materials, but there are few texts in the current Chinese textbooks, and students have limited time to learn Chinese. In order to improve the efficiency of reading teaching in a limited time, we must reform the teaching methods of reading. Students read a text in class and several articles with similar ideological content or genre after class. For example, "An Apple", with an object as the main clue, runs through the whole article. With this text, students can read articles such as The Origin of a Pine Leaf and A Saber after class. In this way, students can use the methods learned in class in time and draw inferences from others. In order to make students break through the reading barriers of middle and senior grades in primary schools, we adopt the method of "one article and many articles" in teaching. According to the training focus of the textbook arrangement, after teaching a text, the teacher took out several similar articles for students to use, which greatly increased the reading volume. (1) Basic procedure: Based on the general procedure of reading teaching, this basic teaching procedure is established according to the characteristics of "one article and many articles". The first step is to demonstrate an article (paragraph) and learn the basic methods of reading; The second step is to try to learn an article, consolidate the methods learned before and cultivate reading ability; The third step is to promote self-study of one or several similar articles, apply and develop reading methods, and improve reading ability. (2) Promote extracurricular reading: offer 1 extracurricular reading class every week to guide students to use the methods they have learned to do a lot of extracurricular reading, so as to improve reading speed, increase reading volume and enhance reading ability. (3) Promoting Chinese practice: offering Chinese practice classes on a regular basis to further cultivate students' reading interests and habits and develop their reading ability. 3, composition teaching-read more articles and write one. From the perspective of teaching method, the process of composition is the process of sorting out and processing the ideological content by using language and words. Mr. Ye Shengtao said: "Usually, when writing a composition, you have a pocket of savings in your chest. When it comes to writing, it is natural to take it out. " It can be seen that reading more and getting "writing examples" from reading is the essence of composition teaching. In order to improve the efficiency of composition teaching and break through the obstacles of composition, we mainly adopt the composition teaching method of "reading many articles and writing one". Conduct classification training according to the order of objects, notes, scenery and people. The lower grades are mainly sentences, writing about flowers and trees, fruits and vegetables, livestock and animals, crops and grain, rooms and classrooms, etc. Middle school students mainly write paragraphs and articles about familiar people, interesting things, favorite things, four seasons scenery, hometown scenery, beautiful campus and so on. Senior three students mainly write imaginary compositions, such as: the world in 20 years, China rising in the East, Suzhou in 10 years, Suzhou High-tech Zone soaring, and looking forward to Huguan Industrial Park. Another example is to write some emotional compositions, the feeling of reading and reviewing, drama reviews and film reviews. Read and write, read many articles and write an article. That is, after reading several articles with similar contents or writing methods, guide students to learn this method to write one. 4. Grasp the opportunity of extracurricular reading. It is not enough for students to be interested in extracurricular reading. We must cultivate students' ability through extracurricular reading. Combined with the actual situation of Chinese classroom teaching and the characteristics of students, we should seize the following two opportunities to provide students with conditions and opportunities for extracurricular reading. (1) Extracurricular reading focusing on text learning. Starting from the text, we can go to all directions, read a text intensively, and bring many related books, such as Sparrow written by the famous Russian writer Turgenev. His works are novel in conception, unique in perspective, concise in language and beautiful in writing. To appreciate his style, students can read his masterpiece Hunter's Notes after class. On the other hand, the article Sparrow shows great maternal love, and an ancient China poet also wrote a poem praising maternal love, that is, Ode to a Wanderer by Meng Jiao. With such guidance, we can see how vast the world of extracurricular reading around the text is. (2) Extracurricular reading around in-class writing. Composition, how many students miss it so much, how many students have broken their brains for it. But the truth and method of composition can't be mastered by students only by teachers. Only by completing a certain amount of reading can students realize it. Therefore, reading can promote writing around in-class writing training, supplemented by appropriate extracurricular reading. Combining reading teaching with writing teaching, in the process of reading, we should learn the writing factors in the model essay, especially for students' writing practice, and provide writing methods for reference. At the same time, we should also pay attention to how the author observes ideas, how to choose words and make sentences, and aim at the problems existing in students' compositions, so that students can find their own gaps through extracurricular reading. The arrangement of students' exercises should take model essay as an example, take imitation as a means, take life experience as the content and take fragment training as the form. After each composition, let the students copy the excellent composition, bind it into a book and post it in the "learning garden". Especially good student works are submitted to the outside, which not only inspires the author, but also spurs the reader. 5. Carry out various reading activities. Training in picture composition, music composition and activity composition; Organize students to learn to be small reporters, carry out interview activities and write articles for radio stations and newspapers; Conduct social surveys, write survey reports, and hold reading activities such as "making good books as friends and being an ideal person". (1) Hold a "Book Fair". Hold one or two "book fairs" every semester, such as showing the stories of the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries fighting for the rejuvenation of China, so that students can be inspired by their selfless dedication to the motherland while reading; Show the stories of Chinese and foreign scientists and learn their spirit of dedication to science. In addition to books, photos and famous sayings of the above characters are also displayed; There are also lively and interesting literary books to stimulate reading interest. (2) Give full play to the role of the library and offer reading classes. The reading room is open regularly, with a special person in charge to create a reading atmosphere. Arrange a reading class every week to ensure students' reading time. Assign certain extracurricular reading assignments. Exchange reading information regularly, compare who knows more stories and celebrities, and let the students read in the competition. (3) Subscribe to newspapers and set up a "Squadron Book Corner". Junior students should have at least one magazine and junior students should have at least two magazines. Every class encourages students to bring their own books to the class and run the "class book corner" well. You can post the Convention on Protecting Books in the corner of the book, educate students to care for books, assign librarians to borrow and return books, teach students the skills of repairing books, and learn to make beautiful bookmarks and small bookshelves. So as to cultivate the good habit of caring for books from an early age. (4) Recite excellent poems. Recite excellent poems to increase students' Chinese accumulation. Regular and irregular poetry competitions, story meetings, etc. Will be held, and each issue will be named "champion of ancient poetry" and "king of stories". (5) Classification by stages to increase language accumulation. Teachers use class meetings, class groups, activity classes and other forms to inspire and guide students to read, thus increasing language accumulation. Lower grades: reading children's songs, riddles, fairy tales, fairy tales; Middle school: read two-part allegorical sayings, fables, idioms, and some ancient and modern classics; Senior year: read modern poetry, celebrity stories and historical stories, as well as some famous Chinese and foreign books. Each class creates columns such as "Poems a week" (changed to "Two Poems a week" from the third grade) and "Famous sayings and epigrams" on the blackboard, which are changed regularly and regularly. Class representatives take students to read and recite. On one side of the blackboard, there is a column of "Good Words and Good Sentences", which can be provided by teachers or students in turn. (6) write reading notes. On the basis of students' interest in reading, the effective way for children to learn to analyze and think is to guide them to write reading notes. There are some differences in students' Chinese level. According to this characteristic of students, different training forms are adopted. The lower grades only need to simply write down the date of study, the title of the book and the author of the book. Add a column in the third grade to briefly describe the contents and favorite places of the book. In the fourth and fifth grades, I write about my post-reading, extract wonderful words and phrases from the book, extract excellent works, write one or two comments, and write about my post-reading. This class held an exhibition of excellent reading notes. (7) Carry out a "reading seminar". Hold reading seminars, reading reports, exchange of experience, exchange of reading methods, knowledge contests, etc. It can help students understand the situation of extracurricular reading from the perspective of knowledge and ability. Just as Bernard Shaw, an English writer, said: I exchange my thoughts with you, and you exchange your thoughts with me, then both of us have mastered two kinds of thoughts at the same time. In fact, this is also an effort to integrate individual reading into group reading. Choose works that can arouse reading interest and have different viewpoints, such as some classic works. After determining the books, do a good job of discussing topics. Before the discussion, each student will read and write down his feelings and experiences as the main speech at the meeting. (8) Red Scarf Reading Month. In order to arouse the team members' love for books, we held "We Love the Motherland Reading Month" with the theme of patriotism education, "100,000 Why to Study Month" with the theme of reading popular science books, and "Learn from Lei Feng Reading Month" with the theme of learning from Lei Feng. V. Effect of the research (1) Through the research, students' interest in extracurricular reading is cultivated, their writing ability is improved, and their comprehensive Chinese quality is improved. (2) Teachers' teaching level and research ability have improved 1, and the practical research of the subject has promoted teachers' Chinese teaching level. Teachers' awareness of dealing with the relationship between reading and writing is improved, and effective ways to increase students' reading and improve their writing ability are explored. 2. Teachers have learned research methods and achieved a number of scientific research results. (3) The school-running characteristics of Jing 'en Primary School have been formed in Chinese teaching. Through research, Chinese teachers are good at combining stimulating students' reading interest with Chinese classroom teaching, and combining reading teaching with composition teaching, so that reading, composition and classroom teaching can influence and promote each other. VI. Existing Problems and Reforms After more than two years of practical research, we have made some gratifying achievements. However, there are also some problems. Teachers and students are still lacking and conservative in boldly contributing to the outside world. We should make great efforts to improve this aspect in the future. Let the teacher be stable and follow the class in the experiment. In this way, the experiment will be more organized, hierarchical and gradual, and the experimental effect will be better. To form a set of distinctive theories and experimental methods, it is necessary to further strengthen the systematicness and scientificity.