Han Yu, as the leader of the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, agrees with Su Shi even now. Su Shi also directly wrote Han Yu's article "Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument". One of the most famous comments is, "The decline of Wen Qi in the eighth generation, while Daoji drowned in the world;" Loyalty and anger are better than the handsomeness of the three armies. " Being able to write and type is Han Yu. Han Yu was the initiator of the ancient prose movement, which broke the 600-year cycle of the rise and development of parallel prose from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. Parallel prose is dual, gorgeous and attaches importance to phonology, but it is not practical. Liu Zongyuan said that parallel prose is a parallel prose of "four wives and six concubines, with beautiful hearts and beautiful mouths". In the middle Tang Dynasty, Han Yu had to fight against Buddhism and Taoism. Parallel prose is not suitable for expressing Confucianism, so Han Yu borrowed parallel prose from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties and called it ancient prose. His articles are impassioned, spontaneous and well-known. Han Yu is also a master of poetry, and he pioneered poetry as a text. Poetry creation advocates introducing or borrowing prose's diction, syntax, composition and expression in poetry creation. Introducing the grammar, syntax, composition and expression of prose into poetry creation expanded the expression of poetry, which had a far-reaching impact on the formation of "taking words as teachers, discussing as poems and learning as poems" in Song Dynasty. His poetry is closer to the characteristics of prose and has its own internal logical structure, which is different from traditional poetry. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he initiated the ancient prose movement and formed the "Han Meng Poetry School" with Meng Jiao in poetry. Han Yu's posthumous title is "Wen", and everyone respects Han Wengong. After becoming famous, Han Yu also strongly supported those who learned later. The evaluation in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty is: "Successful scholars are often famous. The more they are taught, the more they become Chinese disciples." Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty also helped Ceng Gong and Su Shi, and saw Su Shi's article saying that "the old man should avoid the road and let him go out". Later, Su Shi also had four bachelors and six gentlemen from Su Men. Spare no effort to support future generations is also the common trait of these people. Han Yu is a hero among literati. During the period, he dared to protest against the degradation of Buddha bones, and wrote "moving to the left to be crowned as a grandnephew". With Peidu Pinghuaixi's rebellion in our time, Han Yu made a surprise attack. He led thousands of soldiers to surprise Cai Zhou, but Peidu disagreed. But then Li Su also made a surprise attack, and this time Pei Du agreed. After that, Su Liqi succeeded in attacking Pinghuaixi. Everyone cried foul for Han Yu, but Han Yu didn't care. After that, he wrote Pinghuai Xibei. During the mutiny in Zhou Zhen, Han Yu served as the assistant minister of the Ministry of War at that time. He was not in the imperial court, but went to the army to declare an order to appease the morale of the army and solve the important task of encircling China next to Zhou Zhen. When Han Yu set out, everyone thought it was difficult for him to come back. Yuan Zhen, then prime minister, said, "It's a pity for Han Yu". Because you don't care much about the son of heaven who rebelled against the buffer region, it is very dangerous to go to the mutinous areas. Before Li Xilie rebelled in Huaixi, the court sent Yan Zhenqing (a great calligrapher) to counter the rebellion. Unfortunately, he was captured and killed after refusing to surrender. Tang Muzong, the monkey queen, had some regrets. He sent someone to catch up with Han Yu and told him to assess the situation and not to go into it easily. His life was important. But Han Yu said, "Stop, your kindness; Death is the intention of the minister. " The emperor told him to stop, which was a kindness to him, but even if he died, it was also the morality and responsibility of the courtiers. Han Yu went deep into the tiger's den and faced the cruel Wang Ting. He was confident, brave, witty and polite, and completed the task of the imperial court. This kind of courage and courage is not possessed by any literati. He took the traditional Confucian orthodoxy as his responsibility and represented the Confucian spirit. Mencius said, "I will be afraid of it, although thousands of people will go." Start the movement of ancient literature, take literature as poetry, and create a new era of literature. As an outstanding thinker, he maintained the authority of Confucianism all his life. Politically, the central and local governments have been officials, fought wars, went deep into the tiger's den and completed major military tasks. We have always resolutely opposed the interference of Buddhism and Taoism in Confucianism. As a representative of the traditional Confucian "official", he practiced "benevolence and righteousness" with his own practical actions.

What achievements has Han Yu made?

political propaganda

Han Yu advocated the unification of the world politically and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions. When I was in Tang Xianzong, I worked with Pei Du to quell the rebellion in Huaixi buffer region. The political differences between him and Liu Zongyuan did not affect their joint advocacy of the ancient prose movement. They oppose the excessive pursuit of the form of parallel prose, advocate prose and emphasize the connotation of the article. Han Yu, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", was once demoted to Chaozhou for giving advice to Buddhist bones. Later, due to good governance, he moved to Yuanzhou, which is now Yichun, Jiangxi Province, and served as the secretariat of Yuanzhou. During his tenure in Yuanzhou, Han Yu made outstanding achievements and cultivated the first scholar in Jiangxi Province at that time. Now there is a sandbar in Jiangxiuhe, Yichun, called Zhuangyuanzhou, which is said to be the place where students studied in those days. The highest mountain in Yichun City has Zhuangyuan Building and Changli Road in Yichun City, all to commemorate Han Yu's special achievements. ?

Educational thoughts?

As a doctor in imperial academy, Han Yusan once served as a toast, apprentice and professor in imperial academy, leaving an article on how to encourage underachievers and promote talents. He is still an educator with creative ideas. Han Yuli changed his style of being a teacher and recruited more students to study. ? Liu Zongyuan once praised: "There is no teacher in this world, but Han Yu ignored the customs, made jokes and humiliated him, accepted the move and learned from it, and wrote" Teacher's Talk ",which became more and more famous because he resisted face and became a teacher." Han Yu's educational papers mainly include Teacher's Notes, Learning Notes and Four Horses Miscellanies. In these articles, he emphasized the importance of seeking teachers and pointed out that "people are not born to know"; Put forward the proposition that "the existence of Tao is the existence of teacher", and think that as long as you learn, you are your own teacher; He also put forward that "industrious people are diligent, but poor people are fun;" The wise man said that "what you do ideologically is destroyed by following", compared a talented person to a swift horse, and pointed out that "there is a swift horse only when there is Bole in the world. A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. Therefore, although there was a famous horse, it was only humiliated by a slave and died in a trough, not a thousand miles. " It explains how the incumbents identify, treat and use talents. Han Yu's thought of knowing talents, cultivating talents and using talents is a new development of Confucius' thought of cultivating talents and Laozi's thought of "Shang Xian", and it is also a powerful criticism of feudal nobles' decadent thought of being self-centered and caring for others. ?

Literary achievements?

He is good at all kinds of ancient prose, such as political comments, recitation, opening books, prefaces and postscripts, essays, biographies, eulogies, epitaphs and even legends, which can be roughly classified into two categories: discussion and narration. His essays are vigorous and rigorous in logic, such as admonishing Buddha's bones, The Original Way, Destroying God, Defending Ministers, and Commenting on Teachers. The narrative of love and hate is clear and lyrical. Famous works include Preface to Send Li Yuan to Pangu, Preface to Send Dong Shaonan, Postscript of Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, Ode to Twelve Lang, and Liu Zihou's Epitaph. Korean is bold and unrestrained, with distinctive style and unique language. Especially good at tempering words and bringing forth new ones. Many incisive words have become idioms, which are still preserved in literary language and people's spoken language. Although the achievements of Korean poetry are not as good as those of prose, it also occupies an important position in the middle Tang Dynasty and has a great influence on Song poetry. ?

Ancient prose movement?

Later generations called him Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Su Xun, Ceng Gong, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi, and respected him as the head of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposes Korean with Du Shi, which is called "Du Han Shi Bi". Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature." The ancient prose movement advocated by Liu Han opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasizing momentum and originality. Taking prose as poetry, Han Yu introduced the new language, rules and techniques of ancient China into the poetry circle, which enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetic style since Dali (766 ~ 780). Han Yu actively led the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty and achieved great success. The so-called ancient prose movement is to change the parallel prose style since the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties and restore the prose style in the pre-Qin era. Han Yu pushed the ancient prose movement to a new stage. The purpose of Han Yu's promotion of ancient prose is: "also based on ancient roads." Revitalize Confucianism and restore the "holy way" with ancient prose. Han Yu believes that "literature carries Tao", literature and Tao must be organically combined, and Tao should be paid attention to first, "at the end, it is profound, big and loud". Han Yu put forward the theory of "people speak first" based on "things can't be flat" Han Yu believes that we should learn from ancient sages in style. However, we must "learn from its meaning, not from what it says." Han Yu also suggested that writing articles should "only talk about what is said", get rid of stereotypes and strive for innovation. Han Yu's leadership of the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty was successful. Since then, "ancient prose has changed greatly since the Tang Dynasty", changing the lewd style of writing. On this basis, Su Shi called it "the decline of Wen Qi in the Eight Dynasties". Han Yu's literary thought had a positive impact on the development of literary theory and practice in later generations. ?

Literary creation?

Han Yu's works are very rich, with more than 700 poems, including nearly 400 essays. Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Argumentation, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Form and Writing, have all made outstanding achievements. ?

Han Yu's prose is rich in content, diverse in forms, clear and concise in language, novel and vivid, which sets a good example for the ancient prose movement. Korean style is unrestrained, full of twists and turns. His prose works can be roughly divided into the following categories: essays, essays are more free and casual than essays, long or short, strong or harmonious, essays vary from place to place and have their own uses. For example, "Jin Xuejie" uses questions and answers for irony, and the full text uses rhetoric and prose for comparison and confrontation, so the writing is relaxed and lively. The most famous essays are those that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as ZaShuo and Huo, which are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value. The preface (that is, the preface to sending gifts) is concise and ingenious, which shows various feelings about the real society, such as Postscript of Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, Preface to Sending Li Pangu, Preface to Sending Meng Dongye and so on. In addition, Han Yu also showed outstanding material narrative ability in biographies and epitaphs, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Epitaph of Liu Zihou. Biography, lyrical prose, and Han Yu's biographical writing inherited the tradition of Historical Records, portraying characters in narrative, and being handy in argument and lyricism. Zhang Zhongcheng's biography is a famous masterpiece. His lyric poem "Ode to Twelve Lang" is also a unique song in mourning poems, which has a strong lyrical color. ? Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, while pursuing strangeness, Korean poetry tends to fill unfamiliar words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, the seven-line poem "Moving Left to Languan to Show Grandnephew", "Answering Zhang Eleven Gong Cao", "Titling Yi Liang", "Sending Zhang Twelve Pavilion Old Ambassadors to Tongguan First" and "Adjusting the Zhaowang Temple" and so on.

reference data

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