A preliminary study of Kant's philosophical thought? -"Critique of Pure Reason" and notes? Abstract? By reading and thinking about Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, this paper tries to get the tip of the iceberg of the famous Kant's thought in the vast river of philosophy, so as to guide his life growth. ? Key words? You know? Logic? Cosmic knowledge? Words? Kant's life spanned almost the whole18th century. After his adulthood, the most important changes have taken place in the western world, which still affect us today. The world we know now was formed in that historical period. His philosophy is actually a response to the new concept of modernity. His ideological life reflected the most important development of culture, politics and science at that time, and his views reflected the cultural atmosphere at that time. Philosophy, science, literature, politics and customs of Britain and France constitute the theme of his daily conversation. Even distant events, such as the American independence movement and the French Revolution, had obvious influence on Kant. We must understand his philosophy in the context of the whole world. ? Kant belongs to a special intellectual atmosphere in Konigsberg. His life with the representatives of the "Konigsberg Enlightenment", such as Harman, hippel, Herder and Hertz, was intertwined and guided by their contacts. Kant's critical philosophy must be understood in this context. ? Kant is a stubborn little old man, because he has never left Konigsberg in his life. It was on his acre of land that he wrote Critique of Pure Reason, and then philosophers all over the world began to study it carefully. He lived for decades, and his afternoon walks were so punctual that people in Konigsberg used him to adjust the time of the wall clock. He lived step by step without a wife and children until flower of life died. Schopenhauer said that only the marriage of philosophers can be happy, and real philosophers don't need to get married. Presumably Kant also knows the meaning of this paradox. ? But it is this intelligent and lonely human soul that has built one of the most influential philosophical systems in human history. Marked by the publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in 178 1 and Hegel's Encyclopedia of Philosophy in18/0/7, German classical philosophers established one huge philosophical system after another in just a few decades, so that later researchers called this stage "the age of ideological system". Kant's philosophical system is simply three kinds of criticism: pure rational criticism, practical rational criticism and judgment criticism, which roughly correspond to epistemology, ethics and aesthetics respectively. However, his criticism of judgment is rarely touched by the general philosophy major except aesthetics major. Kant famously said, "There are two things, and the longer we think about them, the more awe and admiration they fill our hearts: the starry sky above us and the moral law in our hearts." This sentence makes people feel very excited to read and is repeatedly discussed as an exam requirement. ? In fact, the starry sky above the head and the moral law in the heart are the research objects of Kant's criticism of pure reason and practical reason respectively. Of course, the starry sky above here is not only astronomy, but the whole universe is natural. The result of the materialization of the world must be mechanization. Kant's era has been the rule of Newton's system.

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Newton has strictly defined the world within three laws, and Hobbes' philosophy has also brought man into this system: as a rational existence, man has also been mechanized, and his freedom has been cancelled by strict laws. On the other hand, the skeptic Hume denied the inevitability of natural science, denied the knowability of the world, and led knowledge to people's pure association. So what Kant has to do is to affirm the inevitability of natural science and prevent it from controlling human freedom. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant raised three famous questions: (1) What can I know? What should I do? What can I expect? The first question is metaphysics. Kant wrote Critique of Pure Reason. Pure reason mainly talks about people's consciousness structure from sensibility to intellectuality. The second question is about moral law. Kant wrote Critique of Practical Reason, which talks about the transcendental level of reason, moral necessity and absolute law. The third problem is religion, which is related to people's happiness. Kant talked about where the transcendental basis of human moral law is, and it should be God. Kant wrote religion within the scope of pure reason. [1] Later, Kant raised the fourth question, what is a person? Anthropological problems. [2] Kant talked about man's position in the universe, the relationship between man and God, the finiteness of man's body and the transcendence of man's soul in Anthropology. ?

As a result, there is a split between pure rational criticism and practical rational criticism, and between natural nature and moral ethics. What does t matter? In order to unify the two divided worlds, Kant wrote Critique of Judgment. Kant's Judgment is about an intuitive ability of human beings. The higher the understanding, the stronger this ability is. What Kant is talking about here is actually human's intellectual intuition, which has gone beyond the theoretical framework of Kant's other two critical theories to some extent, such as the theory of genius in the creation of beauty. Kant's analysis is already mysterious. Plato's Ian In Critique of Practical Reason, Kant talked about two things that made him strong-willed: the starry sky and the moral law in his heart. [3] The starry sky corresponds to Kant's pure rationality; Moral law in mind, practical reason, unconditional response and absolute law aiming at human perfection. What is the relationship between pure reason and moral law? Scholasticism holds that Kant's pure reason is only the first primary stage of practicing rational belief, and the scientific model is based on theology. The establishment of Descartes' subjectivity divides this basic relationship into two seemingly unrelated fields: extension and soul, both of which originally started from God. Now Descartes should start to reflect on man, who is a limited existence. After thinking, Descartes thought that everything came from God and returned to God. Kant thought again, this time more carefully than Descartes, but what did Kant finally get? Does Kant think that the division of the two worlds exists, and how does Kant unify the division of the two worlds? Critique of Judgment is a record of Kant's thoughts. ? Kant's Critique of Judgment is divided into two teleology: natural teleology and aesthetic teleology. Kant's thoughts on the purposefulness of nature are as follows: first, nature has a purpose, and any accidental phenomenon of nature can be understood from this purpose through reflection, and there is an inevitable reason behind the accidental phenomenon, the natural purpose. Obviously, Kant's natural purpose zweckm? The thought of βigkeit comes from Descartes' ontological theology. When Kant accepted Descartes' ontological theology, there was a transcendental process of reflection and criticism. Here, the purpose of nature is not a constructive principle, but a regulatory principle. However, after the process of reflection and criticism, Kant felt that understanding the purpose of nature as a constructive principle was not harmful to our understanding of nature, so he simply understood the purpose of nature as a constructive principle. Kant talked about this process in Critique of Teleology Judgment. ? Kant talks about aesthetics? The poet's purposiveness is the idea that human beauty is an accidental behavior of human beings. People see the beauty of things, don't know why it is beautiful, and can't find specific reasons in reflection, but feel that beauty conforms to an ultimate goal in reflection. Kant's aesthetic reflection judgment stipulates that beauty should have a purpose, and the purpose is aimless. People's aesthetics is a special activity. When we reflect on the contingency of aesthetics, we can't connect aesthetics with a definite and inevitable purpose, which is the contradiction between contingency and inevitability of aesthetics, so there is an antinomy in aesthetics: aesthetics is not synaesthesia, aesthetics.