1. Resorting to force

Using the threat of force, intimidation, and forcing the other party to accept one's point of view, usually combined with appeal to power. The book cites two examples. When Hitler was meeting with the heads of state of Austria and the Czech Republic, he intimidated and threatened to use force if the other party did not agree to the conditions, thereby achieving the purpose of aggression. This kind of sophistry method is often seen in the struggles of political groups, and it is not uncommon in the history of our country. This is the so-called alliance under the city.

2. Appeal to authority

When you have an opinion or refute other people's opinions, you do not put forward why you make such an opinion or why you should not make that opinion, but just quote some famous quotes as arguments. , the method of getting the other party to agree with one's point of view is called appeal to authority. In the workplace, this approach often works. When you disagree with others, you don't have to directly look for arguments to support your own point of view or overturn the other party's point of view. You only need to add "This is what a leader said." Try it, the effect is unexpected.

3. Appeal to emotions

When you have an opinion or refute other people's opinions, you do not put forward how your point of view is correct theoretically, but only use your own likes and dislikes as an argument. What those who like it say is the truth, and what those who hate it say are all lies. The standard for judging things is not the only one, and one of the standards is sometimes people's likes and dislikes. If you think about it carefully, you will find that people always try their best to prove that they are right for those they like, and they always try their best to prove that they are right for those they dislike. His argument was wrong, and he fell into sophistry that appealed to emotion.

4. Appeal to pity

Using the listener's sympathy and pity to make him accept his point of view is called appeal to pity sophistry. This method is a special part of sophistry that appeals to emotion. The book cites an example: When defending, the defendant's lawyer sometimes ignores the true circumstances of the case and talks endlessly about how difficult the defendant's life is and how pitiful his situation is, in an attempt to arouse the judge's sympathy.

5. Appeal to tradition

This kind of sophistry is an inherited characteristic. Whatever was true in the past, it should be true now, and it should be true in the future. Is this sophistical response method always right to quote Mr. Lu Xun’s famous saying? When you encounter something, you need to analyze the specific problem in detail, and remember not to copy it indiscriminately.

6. Appeal to the masses

The method of arousing the emotions of the masses to sell one's wrong views is called appeal to the masses sophistry. I think this article is not suitable for our own use. If it is suitable for the other party's use, our own side will be easy to break.