1, master and accumulate some real words and function words in classical Chinese, and cultivate the ability of self-reading in classical Chinese.

2. Experience the application of contrast.

3. Experience and learn the spirit of the ancients who studied hard and asked for advice with an open mind.

Teaching emphases and difficulties

1. Key points: ① Learn to accumulate content words and function words in classical Chinese. ② Read and recite classical Chinese.

2. Difficulties: Understand how the author encourages students to study hard with his own personal experience.

Teaching assumption

This is the preface. By writing about the hardships of studying in youth, people are advised to make use of convenient conditions, ask for advice modestly and study hard. The article is clear in thinking. At the beginning, I put forward "studious", and then around this central word, I pointed out the attitude and spirit of learning through comparison. In teaching, guide students to read the full text, use reference books to look up, interpret, translate and interpret, help each other learn, master some real words and function words, and cultivate students' reading ability in classical Chinese. And on the basis of perceiving the text as a whole, guide students to understand the author's diligent and studious spirit.

Teaching time

Three class hours

teaching process

first kind

Arrange preview before class:

1, for information about the author's works.

2. With the help of reference books, read the words in the text accurately and understand the general idea.

First, the story is imported.

The teacher told a story of an ancient man who studied hard. In fact, there were many people and things who studied hard in ancient times. What else do you know? Guide students to find relevant stories from their memories.

(The story of Wang Xizhi's efforts; Capsule fireflies reflect snow; Standing in the snow; Song Lian in ancient times was also such a studious person and a good persuader. Today, we will learn his preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang.

Second, students exchange information about the author's works.

Teachers should appropriately supplement:

1. Introduction of the author: (Projection)

He was the main founder of the Ming Dynasty and a writer in the early Ming Dynasty. When I was young, I was educated by Wu Lai, Liu Guan and Huang Cheng at the end of Yuan Dynasty. From nine years in Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng, he was called to edit imperial academy. Because of his age, he lived in seclusion in Longmen Mountain, writing books and saying things. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, he was recruited to promote Confucianism in Jiangnan, and he was asked to give lectures to the Prince and compile a history of the Yuan Dynasty. He wrote most important documents of the imperial court. He resigned in his later years, and was later exiled to Sichuan because of the crime of his eldest grandson Song Shen, and died on the way. He, Liu Ji and Gao Qi are great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty. He is the author of Song Shixue's Collection.

2. Introduce the stylistic features of this article.

This article is a preface, and the preface is not a preface, but a gift. Preface is equivalent to preface and postscript, which generally introduces the author's life, or the process and purpose of writing a book, and provides certain reference materials or necessary guidance for reading and evaluating works. However, the Preface to Gifts is different from the Preface to Books, which began in the Tang Dynasty. Scholars give each other words to express some thoughts and feelings when they leave, often because people put forward arguments and clarify some viewpoints, which is equivalent to a writing method of argumentative essays.

Third, students read the text by themselves and understand the main ideas.

1, the teacher demonstrates reading the text, asking students to pay attention to pronunciation and pause, and guiding reading.

(1) Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.

Indulge in beating and scolding

The negative basket is a little.

Write gracefully.

(2) Pay attention to pause

I/I/I/I read many books.

Try a hundred miles away/get there first from your hometown/ask the way by the classics.

I don't know/what to say/what to do.

I am a good scholar, but I am diligent and difficult.

So many people regard books as fakes. I heard about death/gain.

2. Students can read the text freely.

Whether students can read the text fluently has a great relationship with their understanding of the text content. Therefore, students are required to read the text at least twice, and it must be based on reading fluency.

3. The named students read aloud, the rest of the students corrected and evaluated after listening, and the teachers made appropriate supplements.

4. Students collectively read the full text.

Fourth, read the text again, help each other learn, understand sentences and dredge the content of the text.

1, read the first paragraph in groups of four (students study independently and cooperatively)

(1) Make clear the meaning of the text according to the notes.

(2) Group translation, you read me and I read you.

(3) Mark the difficulties and discuss them in groups. If they cannot be solved, the whole class will discuss them.

(4) Teachers comment on students' translations, especially reminding students to master key words and sentences.

Go: run, which means "hurry up"

Trend: take a brisk walk, walk.

Quality: ask.

Slippers: slippers describe the appearance of being busy.

Soup: Hot water.

Again: twice

Food (s √): Same as "feeding", giving food to eat.

Be(pρ): Put it on, put it on.

Waist: nouns are used as verbs and hung on the belt.

(1) My family is poor and I can't read.

No way: I don't know where. It means there is no way. To: get. This refers to buying. With conjunctions, it can be translated as "Lai". My family is poor and I can't buy books to read.

(2) or meet its scold duh, the more respectful color, the more polite, dare not answer a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy.

Sometimes, in the face of reprimands from newcomers, (my) face is (just) more respectful, and my manners are (just) more thoughtful, and I dare not (casually) reply a word. Come back for advice when you are happy when you are new here.

(3) to have enough fun, I don't know if the mouth and body are not like people.

Because (my) heart has something to be happy about (reading), (I) neglected what I ate in my mouth and dressed worse than others.

2. Students are free to read the second paragraph (students' independent cooperative learning).

(1) Make clear the meaning of the text according to the notes.

(2) Group translation, you read me and I read you.

(3) Mark the difficulties and discuss them in groups. If they cannot be solved, the whole class will discuss them.

(4) Teachers comment on students' translations, especially reminding students to master key words and sentences.

Day: Every day.

Small supply: food supplied by the state.

Qiu: Leather clothes.

G: summer clothes.

Legacy (wèi): Give away, which means giving aid here.

Grace: Hungry.

"Zhu" and "Zhu" are consonants of the pronoun "Zhi" and the preposition "Yu", which have the meanings of these two words.

(1) Its industry is not refined, and its virtue is not successful. If it's not as natural as it is, then others are embarrassed because they are not expert?

If they are not proficient in their studies, if they are incompetent in virtue, they are either less talented than me or less dedicated. What's wrong with others?

Students are free to read the paragraphs they are interested in.

Distribution of intransitive verbs

1, read the full text, be familiar with it and recite it.

2. Finish Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 after class.

Second lesson

First of all, students are free to read the third paragraph (students' autonomous cooperative learning)

(1) Make clear the meaning of the text according to the notes.

(2) Group translation, you read me and I read you.

(3) Mark the difficulties, discuss in groups and discuss in the whole class.

(4) Teachers comment on students' translations, especially reminding students to master key words and sentences.

Say: praise, praise

Make an interview

Write: write

Lu: This is a gift when we first met.

Yi: Harmony is different.

(1) was born in a hometown.

Students, young people. The article refers to Ma Sheng, namely Ma Junze. Children (younger generation) of fellow villagers. With ... Ma Sheng came to see me in his hometown, where I was in the third grade.

(2) He will come back to see his relatives, and it is difficult to tell him what he has learned.

The first "Qi" replaced "He" (Ma Sheng) and the second "Qi" replaced "He" (Ma Sheng). So, specially. When Ma Sheng was going home to visit his parents, I deliberately told him about my past hardships in study.

Second, read the text, research and explore.

1, please read the full text and read it fluently.

2, group cooperation, research and exploration (focus)

Show me the question:

(1) How does the author write about his reading difficulties? (Please quote the original answer)

Compared with the author's reading, what is the reading situation of students now?

(3) What is the author's conclusion through this comparison? Please answer in the original words of the text.

3. Study group cooperation.

Students think and discuss, answer by name, and then the teacher comments and makes appropriate supplements. (complete blackboard writing)

Third, reading experience, ability training

1, students read their favorite paragraphs.

2. According to the text, use your own words to describe the following author's reading situation.

Clear: Ask students to describe it. First, check the students' understanding of the text. In order to describe it accurately, we must understand the exact meaning of the sentence and then describe it in vivid language. The second is to let students understand the author's learning difficulties, so as to feel the happiness of their own learning.

Step 3 practice reciting

On the basis of grasping the structure of the article, recite it in sections to make it short and difficult.

Fourth, read the text to understand the basic characteristics of article writing.

1, read the text and find out the description and discussion parts in the text.

2, students discuss while reading, while reading and discussing, so the benefits of writing.

3, the teacher added (appropriate tips)

This paper focuses on the natural combination of narration, description and discussion in writing.

This paper is mainly narrative and concise. Some places have been properly rendered and described, making the article more literary, vivid and concrete. For example, I wrote the scene of asking for advice from masters and celebrities hundreds of miles away, the surrounding environment, the performance of "getting there first", and the humility and humility when asking for advice. The text is concise, but the characters look lifelike on the paper. Another example is the difficulty in writing on the road, a few words, and the modality is complete. When writing about the luxurious clothes of my roommates, I used the method of detail description, which set off the author's simplicity and hardship.

At the same time of narration and description, arguments are also appropriately interspersed to highlight the central idea of the article. After describing the excellent learning conditions of Thai students today, the article further infers: "If their studies are not refined, their virtues are not successful, and their nature is not inferior, then their hearts are not experts in other people's ears. Is it too much for others? "This is the truth revealed by the comparison between the past and the present.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) expansion and extension

1, Associative Learning: What else can you say about this article "Persuade Learning"?

("For Learning" and "Sun Quan Persuades Learning")

2. The author puts forward that reading should be "diligent" and "diligent". Please talk about your feelings according to your own experience, and quote some famous aphorisms about learning "diligence" and "concentration".

Distribution of intransitive verbs

1 recite the text

2. Accumulate aphorisms about "diligence" and "concentration"

blackboard-writing design

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang

Song Lian

The former author is now a student.

Food and clothes: No smell of fresh fat, clothes and clothes, and Qiu Ge's heritage.

Accommodation: Walking in the deep mountain valley, sitting downstairs and reciting "poems" and "books"

Learn from the teacher: I have never made a slip of the tongue and scolded you without asking.

Books: Under the guise of a library, all suitable books are collected here.

Expression technique: contrast

Conclusion: Concentration and diligence.

The third category

First, the introduction of new courses.

As the saying goes, "since ancient times, great talents have suffered a lot, and great men have never been many." Mencius also said: "If a husband wants to be a great man, he must first suffer from his mind, his bones and muscles, his body and skin, and his body." All these show that suffering is not all bad. As long as we are good at turning suffering into motivation, suffering will become a stepping stone to success. Today we are going to learn Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang. (Title of blackboard text. )

Second, introduce the author and works.

Introduce the author. (Students introduce themselves and the teacher supplements. )

He was the main founder of the Ming Dynasty and a writer in the early Ming Dynasty. When he was young, he was educated by ancient writers such as Wu Lai, Liu Guan and Jin at the end of Yuan Dynasty. From nine years in Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng, he was called to edit imperial academy. Because of his age, he lived in seclusion in Longmen Mountain, writing books and saying things. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, he was recruited to promote Confucianism in Jiangnan, and he was asked to give lectures to the Prince and compile a history of the Yuan Dynasty. He wrote most important documents of the imperial court. Resign in old age. Later, due to the crimes committed by his eldest grandson Song Shen, he was exiled to Sichuan and died on the road. He, Liu Ji and Gao Qi are great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty. He is the author of Song Shixue's Collection.

2. Introduce the stylistic features of this article.

This article is a preface, and the preface is not a preface, but a gift. Preface, as the genre of the article, can be divided into book preface and ritual preface. Preface is equivalent to preface and postscript, which generally introduces the author's life, or the process and purpose of writing a book, and provides certain reference materials or necessary guidance for reading and evaluating works. However, the Preface to Gifts is different from the Preface to Books, which began in the Tang Dynasty. Scholars exchange words to express some thoughts and feelings when they leave, often because people put forward arguments and clarify some viewpoints, which is equivalent to argumentative writing.

Third, read through the full text and dredge the pronunciation of difficult words.

Ask students to pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

Studious (shi4), lazy (dai4), asking questions (kou4) and showing off (qi3).

Fourth, students can read the full text freely and feel the content of the text initially. Fifth, study the text.

1. Say the students' names to read aloud.

2. Students discuss the translated sentences in groups.

3. Teachers guide students to master the following words or phrases.

(1) Yu liked studying when he was young: I liked reading since I was a child.

(2) Fu Zhi is lazy: the pronoun of a negative sentence is a prepositional object. Chi: refers to copying books.

(3) Master: Master, a title of respect for scholars.

(4) Xianda: a senior with status and prestige. According to relevant information, this may refer to gold.

(5) I have never lost my words: I have always been serious. Words: language and face.

(6) The quality of aid query: help query and ask questions; Quality, questioning truth.

(7) Gai language is hard to learn: Gai, the first sentence. I usually do this when I study hard.

4. Think and explore.

(1) What is the central meaning of this article? Please summarize it briefly.

(2) How does the article write about the hard conditions when studying? Please quote the key words or sentences in the original text to answer.

(3) The author wrote about the extremely difficult conditions when studying. what is the purpose?

(4) According to the text, describe the author's school life in his own words.

(Students discuss in groups. )

Key points:

(1) tells the author's own learning difficulties and his efforts.

(2) It is mainly reflected in borrowing and copying books, poor food and clothing, simple life, and arduous trekking. The main statement is as follows:

(1) Borrow one library at a time, record it by hand, and count the day to the day.

(2) The inkstone is hard and the fingers can't bend and stretch.

(3) poor winter wind, snow several feet deep, chapped skin and I don't know.

(4) The rest are covered with cotton gowns and clothes.

(3) The author believes that diligence and hardship are two interrelated aspects. With subjective diligence, all difficulties can be overcome. This is the fundamental reason for success in learning.

(4) Ask students to describe. First, check the students' understanding of the text. In order to describe it accurately, we must understand the exact meaning of the sentence and then describe it in vivid language. The second is to let students understand the author's learning difficulties, so as to feel the happiness of their own learning.

Sixth, understand the basic characteristics of article writing.

This paper focuses on the natural combination of narration, description and discussion in writing.

This paper is mainly narrative and concise. Some places have been properly rendered and described, making the article more literary, vivid and concrete. For example, I wrote the scene of asking for advice from a hundred miles away, the surrounding environment, the performance of "getting there first", and the humility and humility when asking for advice. The text is concise, but the characters look lifelike on the paper. Another example is the difficulty in writing on the road, a few words, and the modality is complete. When writing about the luxurious clothes of my roommates, I used the method of detail description, which set off the author's simplicity and hardship.

Seven, expand the inquiry

The author comes from a poor family, loves learning and is willing to forget his worries. He was too respectful to speak in front of the teacher. How should contemporary middle school students view this learning attitude and respect for teachers? Write a speech material and communicate in the next class.

Eight, homework

1. Complete the "extended query" above.

2. Recite the text.

data link

First, about "order"

When the ancients bid farewell, they often gave each other poems, and sometimes they prefaced these poems and introduced the situation. After the early Tang Dynasty, articles written separately as parting words, also known as preface, mostly encouraged, comforted, expressed their thoughts, or expressed their opinions on something, also known as "gift preface" (different from "book preface"). This article is a preface written by Song Lian, a famous scholar in Ming Dynasty. The preface we learned is the preface of a book, written in the front or back of the book, explaining the process and background.

Second, the early Ming prose "

Most of the essayists in the early Ming Dynasty experienced social unrest and had a deep understanding of the rise and fall of chaos, so their works were closer to reality. The main representative writers in this period are Song Lian, Liu Ji and Fang Xiaoru.

Song Lian is "the head of the founding civil servants". He insisted that Ming Dow's prose should seek truth from facts, draw lessons from classics, emphasize "expressing one's will", pay attention to "changing things" and demand "feeling things with things", so his prose is rich in content and has certain artistic skills. Liu Ji is both a poet and a poet. Prose is good at argument, simple and bold in style, sharp and vigorous, full of images, such as Yu Li's words and the official words. Fang Xiaoru, a student of Song Lian, inherited the literary tradition and orthodoxy of the Song Dynasty and has his own unique style. His prose is vigorous and bold, sharp and pungent, such as mosquito pairs and finger metaphors.