Wang (1907- 1998) is a famous nuclear physicist, one of the founders and pioneers of nuclear science in China, a senior academician of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of the Central Committee of Jiu San Society, outstanding party member of China * * * Production Party, and former deputy minister of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry. Tang Zhi Town, Changshu, Jiangsu. 1929 graduated from Tsinghua University physics department. 1930 entered the university of Berlin, and 1933 received his doctorate. /kloc-0 returned to China in April, 1934, and successively served as a professor at Shandong University and Zhejiang University. /kloc-0 joined the revolutionary work in may, 949, and/kloc-0 joined the China * * * production party in may, 979. He has served as deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry (now China National Nuclear Corporation), deputy director of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry and director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (now China Institute of Atomic Energy), vice chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of the China Nuclear Society, and director of the Central Senate Committee of the Jiu San Society for the third and fourth sessions.
Wang is the main founder and pioneer of experimental nuclear physics, cosmic rays and elementary particle physics in China, and enjoys a high reputation in the world. During his 70-year scientific research career, he struggled to climb and made many scientific achievements that attracted worldwide attention. 194 1 year, he proposed an experimental scheme to verify the existence of neutrinos, which was proved by experiments. 1959, he led a research group in Dubna, the Soviet Union, and discovered the anti-fitness negative hyperon for the first time in the world, which made mankind's understanding of the material micro-world take a big step forward. 1964 independently put forward the idea of using laser target to realize nuclear fusion. He was one of the founders of the theory and research of laser inertial confinement fusion in the world, and also made China's scientific research work in this field at the forefront of all countries in the world at that time. 1984, he led and opened up a new field of research on inertial confinement fusion of krypton fluoride excimer laser.
Wang participated in the experimental research, organization and leadership of China's atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb principle breakthrough and nuclear weapon development, and was one of the main founders of China's nuclear weapon development. Because of his outstanding contribution to China's science and technology and national defense construction, he has won two first prizes in national natural science and a special prize in national scientific and technological progress.
Wang is very concerned about the development of science and technology in China, especially high-tech undertakings. 1March, 986, together with Wang Daheng, Yang Jiachi and Chen Fangyun, he put forward suggestions of great significance to the high-tech development in China. With Deng Xiaoping's personal instructions and active support, on the basis of listening to experts' opinions, the State Council formulated the "863 Plan" for developing high technology in China, which created a new situation for the development of high technology in China.
Wang died in Beijing on February 65438 at the age of 92.
king
Like a teacher.
1982 One day, in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province, a comrade of a police station led several foreign tourists through the streets and came to a wooden house. An old man among the visitors looked at the repaired house and said excitedly, "This is it, this is it." This old man is Wang, a famous nuclear physicist in China. He came to visit his hometown where he was born and grew up, which he deeply missed.
1907 On May 28th, Wang was born in Feng Taiwan Province, Changshu County. His father is a local Chinese doctor. When he was 4 years old, his father died. 13 years old, my mother died of lung disease because of overwork. Only grandma loves him and provides him with schooling.
1920, went to Shanghai Pudong Middle School with a distant relative. When he was in primary school, he was fascinated by solving interesting math problems. In middle school, his most interested class is still math. Mr. Zhou Pei, who teaches mathematics, came back from studying abroad. He encourages students to study by themselves and organizes math self-study group activities after class. Wang is an active member of the group. Under the guidance of Mr. Zhou Pei, he completed calculus in the first year of middle school. 1925 was admitted to Tsinghua University.
Tsinghua used to be a preparatory school for studying in the United States. Starting from 1925, the undergraduate department was established to recruit first-year students. Wang is the first student in Tsinghua University. Tsinghua University is run by boxer indemnity, and paid by our government every year. Its capital is abundant and its facilities are unmatched by other universities in China. The experimental conditions of the chemistry department are outstanding in the school. Wang Yijin was fascinated by chemistry when he entered Tsinghua. He didn't touch many chemical experiments in middle school, and now he is very active as soon as he enters the laboratory. The color change of litmus test paper surprised him; He did all kinds of experiments about the properties of elements and compounds. He memorized the periodic table of chemical elements. He thinks chemistry is really interesting.
However, a year later, when he was divided into subjects, Wang did not consider his favorite mathematics since childhood, nor did he enter the chemistry department, but chose the physics department.
Tsinghua University Department of Physics was originally founded by Professor Ye (1898 ~ 1977), an experimental physicist. He attaches great importance to laying a solid foundation for students and giving them general physics lessons in person. Once in class, he asked a question about Bernoulli equation, and Wang quickly gave the answer. Mr. Ye is very happy. After class, he went to Wang to find out about his study and said to him, "If you have any questions in the future, you can come to me at any time." Teacher Ye's wonderful lectures and special care and encouragement for Wang made Wang have a deeper understanding of experimental physics. He fell in love with experimental physics and was determined to open its door.
Later, another experimental physicist in China, Wu, came back from the United States, and Ye invited him to teach modern physics in Tsinghua University. Wu attaches great importance to cultivating and improving students' research ability in experimental physics. In teaching, he noticed Wang's special interest in experiments and his practical ability, and he also liked this studious student very much. He himself accepted modern physics through experimental work, and he also hoped to cultivate and help Wang in the same way. 1June, 929, after graduating from Wang University, Wu retained him as a teaching assistant and gave him a research topic: the intensity and daily variation of radon around Tsinghua campus. The purpose is to study the influence of meteorological factors near Beijing on atmospheric radioactivity. At that time, China had not conducted this research. Under the guidance of Wu, Wang consulted a lot of materials and conducted experiments. Every day from 9: 00 am to 1 1, I repeat a set of tedious, laborious and skillful experiments, recording the temperature, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction and the nature and distribution of clouds on that day. From 1929, 165438+ 10 to 1930, one ***6 months. This is really a test for young scientists. Wang persevered and got a lot of data about the relationship between atmospheric radioactivity and meteorological conditions over Beijing, and wrote a paper.
Ye and Wu, two pioneers of modern physics in China, led Wang to study experimental physics. Wang has a deep affection for physics. Later, when he was the head of the physics department at Zhejiang University, he would personally greet the freshmen and have a cordial conversation with them. He said to the freshmen, "Physics is a beautiful science, ranging from the universe to elementary particles. It's interesting that she seeks the law. You chose a good major. " How inspiring! Like his respected teacher, he also led a group of students on a journey of physics.
Found the anti-sigma negative hyperon
1950 In April, Wang was invited by Qian Sanqiang to be a researcher at the newly established Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 195 1 was appointed as the deputy director, mainly leading the research work of cosmic rays. 1954, the first alpine cosmic ray laboratory in China was established in Luoxue Mountain, Yunnan Province, and a number of research results were quickly obtained, which attracted the attention of foreign colleagues.
1in the autumn of 956, as a representative of China, he went to Dubna Joint Nuclear Research Institute of the Soviet Union as a senior researcher and later served as deputy director, and personally led an experimental group to carry out high-energy experimental physics research.
Since 1930, the British scientist Dirac first predicted the existence of an antiparticle of electrons-positrons in theory, and 1932, the American physicist Anderson discovered positrons from cosmic rays in the cloud chamber, experimental physicists have been looking for antiparticles of various particles. If all particles have antiparticles, it proves an important law of the microscopic world, that is, symmetry, symmetry between particles and antiparticles-positive particles and antiparticles. Antiparticles of various mesons have been confirmed. 1955, a 6 billion electron volt proton accelerator was built in the United States. With this accelerator, antiprotons were quickly discovered, and then antiprotons were discovered. By 1957, a challenging task for experimental physicists is to find the anti-hyperon. At this time, a higher energy accelerator of CERN is still under construction, and a proton synchrotron with energy of 1000 billion electron volts of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute is about to be built, which can use energy for several years. According to this situation, Wang decided to look for novel particles (including antiparticles of various hyperons) as the main research topic of the group.
The accelerator of the joint institute has been built, but there are no detectors, measuring instruments, computers and other supporting equipment. Everything has to start from scratch. After research, Wang designed a delicate experiment. First of all, he considered that the life of the anti-hyperon is very short, and it is ideal to use bubble chamber, which can show the particle trajectory, as the main detector to capture such particles more reliably. In order to gain time, they chose a propane bubble chamber with less technical difficulty and shorter construction period. They built their own bubble chamber, using π mesons as shells, and conducted experiments on the accelerator. Wang grasped every link in the research process and told the team members in time what to pay attention to when observing the photos taken by bubble chamber. 1On March 9th, 959, we finally found an example of anti-Sigma negative from 40,000 pairs of negative, and found the antiparticle of the hyperon-the anti-Sigma negative hyperon.
The work of Wang's team has been praised by physicists all over the world. During the period of 1972, the professor told the Prime Minister when he returned to China that the only commendable work on the accelerator of the joint nuclear research institute was that Mr. Wang and his team discovered the anti-negative hyperon. 1982 Wang, Ding Dali, won the first prize of National Natural Science. This is the highest honor for physicists since the founding of New China more than 30 years ago.
Dedicate oneself to the motherland
1960 At the end of the year, Wang's term in Dubna Joint Nuclear Research Institute expires and he will return to China.
One day, he came to the Embassy of China in the Soviet Union and carefully handed a passbook to the ambassador, saying, "Please accept it and give it to the people of the motherland!" This is what he accumulated after working in the joint office for four years, and there are 14000 rubles (old coins, equivalent to 14000 rubles). He believes that the motherland and people are undergoing severe tests and overcoming temporary economic difficulties. Although there is not much money, it is a scientist's wish for the motherland.
After reading this story, readers may think that Wang is a well-paid professor, so he must have a lot of money. His students once recalled such a past:
During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's time, teachers' salaries were very low, and Mr. Wang was ill, so his life was very difficult and his nutrition was insufficient. Some people talk privately: Mr. Wang became a professor at the age of 28. Before the Anti-Japanese War, he should get a high salary. At that time, prices were relatively low, and he was given coins and silver dollars. His wife is also good at managing the family frugally. I guess she already has savings. Why is life so hard? Later, the mystery was revealed, and everyone suddenly realized.
It turns out that long before the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in order to support the Anti-Japanese War, Mr. Wang and Ren Zhongying, the instrument administrator of the Department of Physics, went door-to-door to publicize the Anti-Japanese War, "with money and money, they made a strong contribution", collected scrap metal and built anti-Japanese guns for the government. Teacher Wang not only contributed money, but also donated the gold and silver jewelry when she got married and the silver dollars accumulated at home for many years. Wang's patriotism deeply educated his students.
Wang's wife is a housewife with many children and is not rich on her own income. However, he has a very precious childlike innocence. He loves his motherland and people. He often encourages himself with Fan Zhongyan's famous saying, "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later." Always thinking about the country, thinking about others. In the 1940s, one of his students was wrongly classified as Rightists in 1957, and the rural labor force was decentralized. During the Cultural Revolution, the source of living expenses was cut off for some time because of the compilation of Einstein's collected works. After Wang knew it, he wrote to the student, asking him to do a good job in compiling Einstein's collected works with peace of mind, and he was responsible for the living expenses. After that, he sent 30 yuan's living expenses to students on time every month until he knew that the problem of students' living expenses had really been solved. In that era when right and wrong were indistinguishable and black and white were reversed, you risked being criticized and beaten.
1982, they won the first prize of national natural science for discovering the anti-fitness horse negative hyperon. Wang won a prize of 3000 yuan. He donated all his money to the children's middle school of the Institute of Atomic Energy as a scholarship. He said that he wanted to lighten the burden for the parents of the dolls and let them work better for the atomic energy industry. This also shows that the older generation of scientists have great expectations for the future builders of the motherland.
1in June, 959, Khrushchev's leading group was treacherous, tearing up the agreement and contract signed by the two governments on Soviet assistance to China in building the atomic energy industry, and withdrawing experts in an attempt to strangle China's atomic energy industry in the cradle. The CPC Central Committee decided to build its own nuclear work.
In order to concentrate on breaking through the technical difficulties of the atomic bomb, a group of outstanding scientists and engineers from China Academy of Sciences and relevant departments of the whole country gathered at the Beijing Institute of Nuclear Weapons.
196 1 one day in March, Wang, who had just returned to China, stepped onto the second engine room building in high spirits. In the minister's office on the second floor, Liu Jie and Qian Sanqiang are waiting for him. Minister Liu Jie conveyed to him the decision of the CPC Central Committee and asked him to report to the Institute of Nuclear Weapons within three days. For Wang, this decision is to turn his familiar basic research work, which has achieved important results, into a strange application work. His mind was once associated with the early 1940s, when a group of physicists in the world suddenly "disappeared" ... Without much thought or hesitation, he happily said:
"In order to build a country."
The car left the second engine room building. The king was lost in thought: "Three days?" He remembered Premier Zhou's message just conveyed by Comrade Liu Jie: This is a political task. Our cutting-edge national defense cause, which has just started, needs cutting-edge talents and first-class scientists! Our motherland needs to be stronger. Yes, isn't it the prosperity of my motherland that I have been pursuing all my life and struggling for decades? He deeply felt how much the party and the country trusted and expected of themselves! The next day, he went to work in the Institute of Nuclear Weapons. From then on, he remained anonymous and quietly struggled for this sacred cause 16 years.
Wang is in charge of leading the physics experiment. Initially, the detonation physics experiment was carried out at the foot of the Great Wall not too far from Beijing. At that time, the Institute of Nuclear Weapons did not have a test site, but borrowed the shooting range of the People's Liberation Army. Wang and Guo Yonghuai came to the shooting range, traveled to every corner of the shooting range, mixed explosives with scientific and technical personnel, guided the design of experimental components, directed the installation of test cables and inserted detonators, and finally participated in the experiment. Waves of "boom" and "boom" blasting sound shook the ancient Great Wall. In a year's time, they have done thousands of experiments to detonate the experimental components. By the end of 1962, we basically mastered the important means and experimental techniques to obtain implosion.
1In the spring of 963, Wang took the lead in leaving Beijing, leaving his hometown and relatives to work in the Northwest Nuclear Weapons Development Base. At that time, the base had just started construction, and the conditions in all aspects were very poor. It is also on the Qinghai Plateau at an altitude of 3,200 meters. The air pressure is low, the water can't boil, the steamed bread is not cooked, and the young people can't breathe when they walk fast. In such a difficult situation, Wang still insisted on going deep into workshops, laboratories and test sites to understand the situation, guide the work, discuss problems with comrades with great interest, and often work with everyone until late at night. He is meticulous in the preparation of every technology, every data and every experiment, and strictly checks to ensure the success of every experiment.
In this year, I went to Guangzhou for a meeting and met Vice Premier Chen Yi. Vice Premier Chen Yi made a fist-clenching gesture and then suddenly opened it. He asked Wang, "When did that thing of yours ring?" Wang confidently replied, "In another year." Vice Premier Chen Yi said happily, "Well, with this, my waist as a foreign minister will be harder."
1964 65438+1October 16 at 3 pm, a huge fireball rose on the vast Gobi desert, followed by a rumbling explosion ... the atomic bomb exploded! The people in the observation post cheered, jumped, hugged and congratulated, and Wang shed tears of excitement.
Two years and eight months passed after China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. On June 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully again, making China the fastest developing country in the world from atomic bomb to hydrogen bomb (the Soviet Union spent four years, Britain spent four years and seven months, the United States spent seven years and four months, and France spent eight years and six months). There is also Wang's painstaking management, and people call him the pioneer of the atomic bomb. He said that this is the result of the concerted efforts of thousands of scientific and technological personnel, workers and cadres in Qian Qian, and I am just one of them.
From 65438 to 0969, Wang was appointed vice president of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute. During this period, he successfully led China's first three underground nuclear tests.
For the first underground nuclear test, the superior explicitly requested that it must be started before the 20th anniversary of the National Day. And need to ensure success and safety. At that time, Wang was in his sixties and was in a turbulent period. It is not easy to undertake such an important task and promote production!
He personally went deep into the workshop, had a heart-to-heart talk with the workers, and patiently did ideological work in the dormitory. The hard-working spirit of scientific and technical personnel and workers' masters supported Wang to complete the experimental task with confidence.
Wang, on the plateau with severe hypoxia, forgot to eat and sleep, worked day and night, and gradually lost his support. Comrades asked him, "Wang Lao, have a rest and let's run!" " "However, Wang, who has a high sense of responsibility, still insists on going to the front line of scientific research and production in person. He said: "The task is so tight, there are so many projects, and one of them can't keep up with the progress, which will affect the experiment. "Let's talk about it later. Because of lack of oxygen and asthma, I really couldn't run, so I took an oxygen bag in the office and worked all the time.
Due to the tight time and large engineering quantity, the ventilation facilities of underground tunnels are relatively simple, and the radon concentration is increasing. When Wang heard this, he was very worried about the health of the scientific and technological personnel working underground. He immediately organized personnel to further monitor, analyze the reasons and take some measures. However, there are still some comrades who are not at ease and have asked Wang to reflect it several times. Facing the reality, Wang explained the situation to everyone realistically and earnestly demanded: "I hope everyone will carry forward the fine tradition of our hospital, step up their work and shorten their time in the cave." Finally, everyone finished the preparation work before the exam. Wang Chang Gan insisted on staying in the cave and working with everyone until he finally left the scene.
Under the leadership of Comrade Wang, the national experimental task was completed as scheduled. But because he insisted on a scientific attitude and told the truth, he was labeled as "shaking the morale of the army"; Because the comrades put forward the requirement of "improving the health care of comrades working in caves", Wang promised to suggest a solution to the party Committee and was regarded as doing it again.
"Philosophy of existence" is a typical example of fear of suffering and death. A hat was buckled on his head, but he remained calm and resisted in silence. After the criticism meeting, as soon as he returned to his residence, he threw himself into the intense work again.
Before 1975 conducted the second underground nuclear test, the comrades made full preparations and reported to Wang and other leaders with confidence. As the on-site technical director, Wang insisted on going down to the well for the final on-site inspection. At that time, the backfill work in the cave had been carried out and it was difficult to get in. Many places have to climb in, and the light inside is very dark. Everyone has repeatedly said that the quality of work can be guaranteed. He thought of Premier Zhou's instructions: "serious, thoughtful, meticulous, reliable and foolproof." Or climb into the hole, look at it one by one and ask him questions that he is not at ease. It was not until he read the end of each experimental device that he said with satisfaction, "I can rest assured now."
An insatiable suitor
The Institute of Atomic Energy was silent. All the staff of the institute held a meeting in the auditorium, and the director Wang spoke. He's a little excited. Not long ago, 1 97965438+February1,he was admitted to the China * * * production party, and his long-cherished wish finally came true. He followed the * * * production party for 30 years, and he was determined to fight for the cause of * * * all his life. Now that our Party has led the people of the whole country to start a new Long March, what should Communist party member, as a glorious producer of China, do in the face of new historical tasks? He said that as scientists, we have a more direct responsibility to realize the "four modernizations", and we must make every effort to race against time to complete various tasks. This is the answer given by an old scientist in party member in the face of the new situation, and it is also an appeal to all the comrades he leads.
Wang believes that energy is an important material basis for realizing the "four modernizations", and the development and utilization of nuclear energy (nuclear power plants) is one of the important ways to solve China's energy problems. 1978, he and several experts from the Second Engine Department used the National Day holiday to write to leading comrades of the CPC Central Committee, suggesting the development of nuclear power. Comrade Deng Xiaoping attached great importance to it and sent someone to talk to the author and listen to his opinions. Since then, he has been clinging to nuclear energy. Lead a delegation to go out for inspection, use the opportunity of business trip and meeting to report and write articles for related magazines and widely publicize nuclear power.
1980 The Secretariat of the Central Committee invited experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to give lectures on scientific and technological knowledge to the Secretariat of the Central Committee and leading comrades in the State Council. The third lecture was about energy arrangement. Hearing this, Wang contacted the Academy of Sciences and proposed to increase the content of nuclear energy. Wang was recommended by the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. Wang carefully prepared. He collected a lot of materials, revised his lecture notes repeatedly, made slides and rehearsed several times. It fully embodies his sense of responsibility for the development of nuclear power in China.
After the downfall of the Gang of Four, Wang held more than 10 positions and often went out for meetings. However, his main position is still in the Institute of Atomic Energy. He was personally in charge of a research group, which later developed into a laboratory to study inertial confinement fusion. 1982, resigned as Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. After a while, he resigned as director of the Institute of Atomic Energy and chairman of the Nuclear Physics Society. He said, "Why do you have to keep what others can do? But there is one job that he will not quit, and that is scientific research and inertial confinement fusion. Once he watched the film of Soviet physiologist Pavlov, and he was very happy to say:
"It's great that Pavlov can persist in scientific research after living for more than 90 years. I can do scientific research for many years! "
Fusion reaction is also an important nuclear reaction. Seawater contains a lot of deuterium, and both deuterium and lithium are nuclear fuels that can carry out fusion reaction. Once controlled fusion is realized, it will be the fundamental way for human beings to solve energy problems. Inertial confinement is a promising method to realize fusion in the world. As early as 1964, he and Basov of the Soviet Union independently put forward the idea of producing nuclear fusion by laser shooting. He wrote a suggestion to the State Council, and soon Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics began to study intense laser. Later, he keenly discovered that the high-energy charged particle beam generated by the high-current accelerator triggered nuclear fusion, which was lower in cost, suitable for China's national conditions and had great potential. Together with the comrades of the scientific research group, he designed and built the accelerator and carried out the inertial confinement fusion of particle beams. Now, he has directed this laboratory to shift its focus to the research of krypton fluoride laser fusion, and has made good progress. Wang is never satisfied with his achievements in scientific research, and his exploration of science keeps climbing to new heights. He said: "We should ask ourselves to be at the forefront of the world's scientific development. Only in this way can we lead young people to develop our scientific career. "