First, the Yelang clan problem
1. Yelang's territory is a development concept centered on Guizhou.
There are different opinions about the ancient Yelang Kingdom, which continues to this day. The main literature has a macro module & gt He Guangyue's> compiled by Wesley Wang and Liu Jincai & gt. For the study of Yelang, China's classics are undoubtedly extremely important. Unfortunately, since Sima Qian, the language is vague. So we have to participate in the existing minority classics and folklore, and use underground archaeological data to prove it. Look at He Guangyue & gt① (1) It can be seen that Yelang territory is a development concept centered on Guizhou. In short, "Yelang" is a transliteration of ancient South Vietnamese spoken language, and "Ye" was originally called "Xie". That is, the ancient "Xie" nation. In the mid-Warring States period, "the princes in the southwest are long, and the yelang is the biggest." ② According to>, it is called "Yelang Kingdom", and its territory is in Ziyang, Anyue, Zigong, Leshan, Renshou, Meishan, Zunyi, Tongzi and Chishui in northern Guizhou. "Rubber soles in the east, Yunnan in the west and Du Qiong in the north" ③ includes western Guizhou, northern Guizhou, eastern and northeastern Yunnan and northern Guangxi. It has a vast territory, developed economy, culture and military affairs, and a hundred thousand elite soldiers, and even dares to compete with the Central Committee of the Western Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, the emperor was poor and weak, and he was not worthy of five horses of the same color. The dynasty where the ox cart went to work was jealous of Yelang's money. The so-called "arrogance" of the Han people is actually an arrogant chauvinism of a big country. Today, it is not derogatory.
The idiom "arrogance" is well known all over the world, and its gold content cannot be evaluated.
Yelang became a disaster because of his strength. Six years later, Emperor Wudi sent Tang Meng to kill him. The three sons of the bamboo king were demoted to princes. (4) However, Yelang still maintained its national characteristics, and the Western Han Dynasty had to restore the title of Yelang King when it was unable to do so. When Han became emperor, Yelang Wang Xinghe, the satrap of Zhang Ke, "sent his troops to attack" and was beheaded by general Wang Feng. From then on, Yelang people surrendered to the central dynasty as chiefs. In the Western Han Dynasty, Yelang's frontier was only Gongxian County in Sichuan, North Guizhou, Northwest Guizhou and Southwest Guizhou, and Xuanwei in Yunnan reached Lunan and Lvliang. The capital is Yelang County. Qin is in Tongzi today, Han is in Zhenfeng today, Jin is in Shiqian today, Chen is in Chenxi today, Tang is in Tongzi today, Yelang County is in Tongzi, Sizhou (Cengong), ⑤ Xinhuang ⑤, and Sinan, Liping and Zhenyuan. Obviously, the institute is centered on Tongzi in northern Guizhou and extends to eastern Guizhou, southeastern Guizhou and western Hunan. This is evidenced by ancient and modern archaeological sites and place names. & lt& lt Dan cited >; & gt As the saying goes, "Yelang is twenty miles west of Tongzi Post, and there is still a Yelang City Monument. According to Yang, this monument was erected at the time when the county was abandoned at the end of the Tang Dynasty, that is, Langba tonight, that is, Tang Zhisuo. " << Zunyi County Records >> As the saying goes, "Yelangba is located 70 miles north of Tongzi County, in Liwei, Fiona Fang. There are lions and tall trees, and people dare not cut them down. It is said that Yelang County is also a city of kings. " This is the location of Yelang Township in Tongzi today. In the eighth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Langzhou (now west of Zunyi City) was established. It can be seen that from the Warring States to the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yelang's territory really covered the whole of Guizhou today, and it was ruled by Tongzi and Honghuagang District in Zunyi today. Zunyi is Yelang! Water dodge, Chishui also!
At present, the archaeological achievements of Yelang culture mainly include Tonggu Mountain in Pu 'an, Hezhang Cola and Weining Zhongshui, which are far from meeting the needs of research. Obviously, related archaeological work should be expanded.
2. The original meaning of Yelang is "multi-cylinder integration"
The main ethnic groups that created Yelang culture are Gelao, Tujia and Yi, which are called primitive Yelang ethnic groups. Followed by Buyi, Dong, Shui, Miao, Yao and Han. They generally merged into a branch of Yelang in a certain period of time, so these six ethnic groups are called comprehensive Yelang ethnic groups.
As we all know, a history of the Chinese nation is actually a history of ethnic integration. Today, men and women in the southwest of China who are about 1.6 meters tall are actually descendants of the ancient Yelang nationality or Ba nationality, but their ancient ethnic origin has been lost, so they have no choice but to blend into the hodgepodge of the Han nationality. Let's call this part of the Han people "undetermined Han people".
As mentioned above, "night" is the ancient "Xie" family; Lang is an ancient "wolf" family. One of them migrated to the Central Plains in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and established a soup-free kingdom in the Zhou Dynasty. There are also ancient Liao people (descendants of Gupu people). These three ethnic groups are the true colors of Yelang, and the birthplace of Yelang culture is Zunyi Tongzi.
"The book of the later han dynasty. Biography of Nan Man and Southwest Yi; "Yelang, there was a woman in the water, and three big bamboo poles flowed into her feet. I heard that there was a bugle, so I cut the bamboo and saw it. I got a man and came back to raise him. And the dragon, talented and martial, stands on its own as Yelang Hou and takes bamboo as its surname. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan, Pingnan was reduced to Zhang Ke County, Yelanghou was received by the emperor, and the son of heaven named him Wang Yin. Then kill it. Liao Yixian was born in bamboo, and the blood of Faye Wong is very heavy. He wants to be a successor. " County records are the same as Huayang and Nanzhong. This is recorded in Yelang history books after Historical Records. The former is a beautiful totem legend more than 7000 years ago, and the latter is a historical fact more than 2000 years ago. This legend shows the origin of Yelang bamboo worship, which is worthy of attention. The "three-section bamboo" from the origin of the bamboo king implicitly refers to the Xie, Wolf and Liao tribes represented by the bamboo king. All three clans originated from the girl who "escaped from the water", pointing to the marriage relationship of a female Dov in the matriarchal clan era. Today, the Chishui River between Tongzi and Chishui is still covered with long rafts. Nanzhu forest farm is vast and boundless. This world-famous water town, Bamboo Sea, is the hometown of Yelang Shengnv Fishing Song! In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, "Zhu Jun was in many phases" and "multi-management". It still emphasizes the ethnic background of its "multi-cylinder identity". After the King of Bamboo was killed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yi Liao (Yi, Tujia and Gelao) still regarded him as a god, and "it is very important to seek the future", showing an unusual recognition of the bamboo totem.
This is a sad song of national unity of bamboo and green branches.
It seems that all ethnic groups in Yelang always have an indissoluble bond with the "three bamboo tubes". For example, in the Tang Dynasty, there were three tribes: East Evil, Xi Evil and Iola. According to the Records of Huayang Country, there is the ancestral temple of Bamboo King Saburo in Han, Jin and Yelang counties. Historical records prove that the Saburo ancestral temple is located in Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan and other provinces.
According to the Records of Zhiyang Zhili Prefecture, the three people enshrined in Bai Di Temple are "three people born of Dragon Sense Mother, or three people from Wang Jiangjia in Japan". This is another version of the legend of the Virgin of Chishui. Chishui connects the Yangtze River and Bachu civilization. Notre Dame felt the dragon galloping, so she conceived neatly and gave birth to three big fat boys. It can be seen that the "three bamboo tubes" are really "three people", that is, three ethnic groups. He Guangyue thinks that the Chiang family is a "great harmony in Jin" and can learn from it. The sacred place worshipped by Ba people is, so the Jiang family of Ba people is a branch of Yelang. The famous bamboo branch song should be the song of Yelang Bamboo King. It can be judged that Yelang is the ancestor of Tujia people today.
Today, Zunyi dialect is used to calling "bamboo" as "golden bamboo", and the king of Yaxi is called "the hometown of golden bamboo".
It is suggested to build a tall and beautiful statue of the Lady of Avoidance in the bamboo forest in Zunyi commanding heights, holding three bamboo tubes as sacred objects. The government held a public sacrifice on August 1 2008, and the people's incense ran through the four seasons. In fact, the "sending the son to the goddess" of Zunyi people's ancestral temple is actually the water fleeing the Virgin. The media can increase publicity and make the reputation of the Virgin Mary as good as that of Maria and Mazu! Therefore, measures such as opening Yelang website, holding international Yelang cultural festival and academic seminar can be taken. There is much to be done in the literary and art circles.
A branch of Yelang merged with modern people, and gelao language called "bamboo" "Gainao" in Lanzhou, with the same sound as "Gelao". It can be seen that today's Gelao people are descendants of Yelang in the so-called "bamboo as the surname" in Hanshu.
A branch of Xie's family was merged into Yi people by means of "Jin", "calling itself the Yelang Bamboo King" and "taking Jin as the surname for a long time". The History of Yelang edited by Wesley Wang is a new achievement in the study of Yelang history. As commented by Yu Hongmo, the age of Yi manuscripts is not later than the Qing Dynasty, and the upper limit is not tested. This book records in detail the history of Yelangzhi of the Zhongwu tribe of the Yi ancestors. It can make up for the deficiency of China classics.
Xie's family was merged into Yao nationality and became one of the twelve surnames of Yao nationality. A Miao nationality integrated into Xiangxi and Guizhou.
A branch of Yelang is integrated into today's Dong people and is called "Dragon Label Yelang". In Guizhou, there is a Miao people who are integrated into the Song family, called "Langsong people".
Xie's family was introduced to Buyi people in Guizhou.
Today, the nationalities in Zunyi area belong to the indigenous Han nationality to be determined, and most of them are descendants of Yelang.
In short, the original meaning of the word "Yelang" is "multi-barrel integration", and Yelang people pay attention to national unity and integration, which is the true Yelang style. She certainly doesn't belong to any minority today. One of her branches once spread in the Central Plains and influenced Chinese civilization. The Virgin of Shuixie is the ancestor of Gelao, Yi, Tujia, Buyi, Dong, Miao, Yao and Han who are waiting for the national worship. A bamboo tube is a nation, and many bamboo tubes are multi-ethnic; Bamboo poles are knotty, rising from the ground and sitting in the southwest with frost and snow! This is of course just a personal opinion.
Due to the limitation of historical materials, archaeological materials and oral materials, it is really difficult to fully confirm Yelang's clan. In the long history of thousands of years, there are mixed ethnic groups, intermarriage, uninterrupted merger wars and ethnic migration, so it is often impossible to evaluate the details of the changes. It is the so-called "you have me, I have you", "If you keep cutting, the truth will be chaotic!" Therefore, it is enough to grasp a general conclusion from a macro perspective!
There is one thing that I want to attract the attention of the academic circles. Yelang nationality is a problem of national unity and integration from the beginning, so the academic research and even policy review of the nationality should also be carried out on national unity. At the same time, we grasp Yelang culture, that is, we grasp productivity.
Second, the spread and blending of Yelang culture
1. Four radiation areas of Yelang culture
The territory of Yelang kingdom and Yelang tribe in each generation can't draw a map of Yelang culture. Yelang culture is glowing with unique charm, transcending time and space, being accepted, tolerated and absorbed by other countries and nations, thus making its own contribution to China culture and world culture.
Werewolves moved from northern Guizhou to the Central Plains, and their influence will inevitably stay in the Central Plains. For example, the lover is the beauty of Shang Palace in Oracle bone inscriptions, and there is a wolf mountain in Changping County, north of Liangxiang. This is the former Yelang culture. Some people think that Oracle Bone Inscriptions's "Hua" is a flower pole, and Chinese civilization originated from Yelang, which can be used for reference. Today, Wang Zhiliang's pedicel Lusheng won the national gold medal in the national sports competition, so it's true!
About 7000 years ago, the Yelang bamboo culture of the Virgin of Water Escape was born in the green bamboo branch sea in Chishui River basin in northern Guizhou. In the excavation and identification of the Institute of Paleoanthropology of China Academy of Sciences, the predecessor of the Virgin of Water Escape was named "Boy Man", which was the earliest ancient human who used fire in South China. Zunyi became the core radiation area of Yelang culture. Today, Yelangba in Tongzi should become the brand of Zunyi.
In the pre-Qin period, Yelang occupied eastern and southern Sichuan, where a rich Yelang culture was naturally preserved. Sanlang ancestral temple is spread all over Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Hunan provinces, which proves that these five provinces have a strong Yelang culture. These areas are strong radiation areas of Yelang culture.
According to Tong Dian (volume 184), there was once a country of Wenlang in ancient Vietnam, and the academic circles recognized Wenlang as Yelang. Therefore, the Central Plains and Vietnam are the secondary radiation areas of Yelang culture.
The legend of the beautiful bamboo king and the story of bamboo outsiders are widely circulated in Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, Nanyang Islands, Japan Islands and other places. These countries and regions are all areas with far-reaching influence of Yelang culture.
The four radiation areas of Yelang culture determine that it is a national and worldwide cultural phenomenon and research topic.
2. Yelang culture has a long history.
Yelang culture is like a long river of history. It flows from ancient times, blends with many cultures, and trickles from Juanjuan into a big river, heading for the future of 2 1 century.
It was a long time ago that the king of bamboo had many tubes, but the bamboo tube culture in bamboo culture is around us. CSR can eat small bamboo tube meat and big bamboo tube soup at the southwest dining table. The "bamboo tube love songs" of young men and women in the mountainous areas of Guizhou Province have interpreted the love stories of girls who avoid water again and again. The cloth rolling machine made of three bamboo tubes blows a continuous bass in the air in the hands of girls, while the boys are holding or carrying bamboo poles of different lengths and playing Ode to the Bamboo King. Thus, an indisputable and important concept-Lusheng culture is derived from the bamboo tube culture. Lusheng culture is the product of the intersection of gourd culture and bamboo tube culture.
Yelang culture is bamboo culture in the final analysis. The contribution of bamboo culture to the music history of China is the "bamboo musical instrument" in the classification of eight-tone musical instruments in the pre-Qin period. That is, playing the flute, breathing, expression, speaking, management, reaction and elegance. As for bamboo bows, bamboo mats, bamboo buildings and bamboo rafts, the economic significance is naturally very significant.
The Gelao nationality in Guizhou still retains the tradition that bamboo is the god of the family. Scholars in China regard bamboo as one of the "three friends of the old and the cold", which is the product of the blending of bamboo culture and Confucian culture.
1990 due to the need of research, I once discussed with a new captain of Dong Lusheng team and planned to buy a full set of Lusheng for their team. At first, I thought it was a deal as long as the captain nodded, but he said he would call a meeting of the whole team to discuss the matter. The team consists of an old man in his sixties and a doll in his preteens. A dozen people sat together to discuss this matter, and everyone had an equal say. The opinion of the little doll is as important as that of the old man. As long as one person opposes this matter, it will fall through. Looking at the two children from a distance and seriously discussing with the adults, I am really worried. The lusheng of the Dong nationality was collected, and I also felt the democratic spirit of the Dong nationality from it. Now that I think about it, isn't this the legacy of the ancient Yelang State's "parliamentary system"?
In a word, the main body of Yelang culture is bamboo culture, and its significance in economic culture, political culture, religious culture and folk culture needs further study.
As mentioned earlier. Yelang and Ba culture are a blend of one and two, and Ba culture is a branch of Yelang culture.
In the Tang Dynasty, Yelang culture and Buddhist culture in northern Guizhou collided, influenced each other and merged with each other. Historical records of Dabu Buddhism in Guizhou, Niu Teng and Daxing Buddhist Temple in the Tang Dynasty. The suspension of temple buildings and Miao and Dong diaojiao buildings is integrated with the stability of temples, such as Qinglong Cave in Zhenyuan (1 1). Since then, with the strengthening of the central government's rule in Guizhou, Confucian culture with Confucian temples as the carrier has also entered Guizhou on a large scale, which complements Yelang culture. Therefore, Yelang culture is an open culture with strong compatibility. For more than 2,000 years, with northern Guizhou as the central area, it has been radiating to the surrounding areas.
I suggest that the four major teams report that the name of Zunyi should be "Yelang City" and Tongzi should be "Yelang County".
So the ancient Yelang Kingdom of China is in Tongzi County, Guizhou Province today! Only he is the center, and the so-called Yelang in other places is only a subsidiary of Yelang country, just a small area extending from Yelang country! ! ! !