Stephen william hawking was born in Oxford, England. Graduated from Oxford University and Trinity College of Cambridge University successively, and obtained a doctorate in philosophy from Cambridge University. He has been in a wheelchair for 46 years because at the age of 265,438+0, he unfortunately suffered from Luger's disease, which would make his muscles atrophy. Speech and question-and-answer can only be done by a speech synthesizer. Professor of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University, England, the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, is one of the great men who enjoy international reputation in this century, and is known as the greatest scientist in the world and the "king of the universe". Hawking, 1942 10 was born in Oxford, England, on the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they both won the Wolf Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of black holes, that is, the area of black holes does not decrease with the increase of time. This naturally makes people associate the area of a black hole with the entropy of thermodynamics. 1973, he considered the quantum effect near the black hole, and found that the black hole would emit radiation like a blackbody, and the temperature of the radiation was inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole, so that the black hole would gradually become smaller because of the radiation, but the temperature was getting higher and higher, and finally it ended in a last-minute explosion. The discovery of black hole radiation is of great significance, which unifies gravity, quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.

1974, his research turned to the theory of quantum gravity. Although people haven't got a successful theory, they have found some characteristics of it. For example, space-time is not flat on the Planck scale (10-33 cm), but in a bubble state. There is no pure state in quantum gravity, the law of causality is broken, and the unknowability rises from classical statistical physics and quantum statistical physics to the third level of quantum gravity.

After 1980, his interest turned to quantum cosmology.

In July 2004, Hawking corrected his original "black hole paradox" view that information should be conserved.

The subtitle of this book is From BIGBANG to Black Hole. Hawking believes that the contribution of his life lies in that, within the framework of classical physics, the inevitability of black holes and big bang singularities has been proved, and black holes are getting bigger and bigger; However, under the framework of quantum physics, he pointed out that the black hole became smaller and smaller due to radiation, and the singularity of the Big Bang was not only smoothed out by quantum effect, but the whole universe also started from here.

The details of theoretical physics will change in the next 20 years, but as far as concept is concerned, it is quite complete now.

Hawking's life is very legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. His contribution was made when he was confined to a wheelchair by Luger's disease for 20 years, which was really unprecedented. Because his contribution has a far-reaching impact on the concept of human beings, there are many descriptions in the media about how he struggled with total paralysis. Therefore, God is fair to everyone. He has a physical defect, but his mind is smart! Nevertheless, the scene when one of the translators (Xu Mingxian) first met him at 1979 is still vivid. It was my first time to attend the seminar on general relativity of Hawking Group in Cambridge. After the door was opened, a very weak electric sound suddenly sounded behind my head. Looking back, I saw a scrawny man reclining in an electric wheelchair and turning on the electric switch himself. The translator tries to be polite and not too surprised, but he is used to being surprised at the degree of disability of people who meet for the first time. He needs a lot of effort to raise his head. Before he lost his voice, he could only speak in a very weak deformed language, and he could only understand it after working and living with him for several months. He can't write, and reading must rely on a page-turning machine. When reading literary works, he must spread out every page on a big desk, and then he drives a wheelchair to read page by page like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves. People have to pay deep respect to the human soul who pursues the ultimate truth with such a strong will. From his help to the translator's private affairs, we can realize that he is a person. Every day, he drives a wheelchair from his home at No.5 Cambridge West Road, crosses the beautiful Jianhe River and the ancient King's College, and arrives at the office of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics in Silver Street. A slope was specially built in the department to facilitate him to take a wheelchair.

At Cambridge University, which is rich in academic tradition, he currently holds perhaps the highest professorship ever, namely Lucas Professor of Mathematics, who was once held by Newton and Dirac.

One of the translators of this book was taught by Hawking for four years and completed his doctoral thesis under his guidance. This book was translated into Chinese at Hawking's request, so that one fifth of the human population could understand his theory.

He also proved the area theorem of black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics once held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society.

He was confined to a wheelchair for 40 years because of "gradual freezing" (Luger's disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), but he was physically and mentally disabled and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write or even read clearly, but he transcends relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory and enters the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.

Hawking's charm lies not only in his legendary physical genius, but also in his convincing life force. His constant pursuit of scientific spirit and brave and tenacious personality strength deeply attracted everyone who knew him.

He is known as "the greatest living scientist", "another Einstein", "an out-and-out man in life" and "a man who dares to challenge his destiny".

As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework. This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration.

Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward original opinions on free will, life value and death.

The essence of time and space was expressed in a complete mathematical form 80 years ago, and the basic principles of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago. However, can these two most accurate and successful theories in the whole physics be unified in a single quantum gravity? Two of the most famous physicists in the world debated this question. This book is based on six speeches and final debates given by Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.

The charm of the future begins with stephen william hawking's prediction of the next billion years of the universe and ends with Don Kubit's understanding of the final judgment. It introduces the development of prediction and the methods we use to predict the future today. The text of the book is easy to understand. The author expounds his own views and answers some interesting questions, which is very interesting to read.

The Universe in the Shell is Professor Hawking's most important work after A Brief History of Time. In this book, Professor Hawking once again takes us to the forefront of theoretical physics. In Professor Hawking's world, truth is even more dazzling and colorful than fantasy. Professor Hawking explained the principles that restrict our universe in popular language, and with his unique enthusiasm, invited us to travel together in the universe for extraordinary time and space travel.

A Brief History of Time-From BIGBANG to Black Hole (written in 1988) Hawking's best-selling book A Brief History of Time is Hawking's masterpiece. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages.

In this book, Hawking will try to outline the history of the universe in our mind-from the Big Bang to the black hole. In the first lecture, he will briefly review the past ideas about the universe and explain how we get the current image. This may be called the history of the universe.

The second lecture will explain why both Newton's and Einstein's theories of gravity have concluded that the universe cannot be static, and it must either expand or contract. This in turn means that there must be a moment between the first 20 billion years and the first 654.38+0 billion years when the density of the universe is infinite, resulting in the so-called Big Bang. This may be the beginning of the universe.

The third class will talk about black holes. A black hole is formed when a huge planet or a larger celestial body is attracted by its own gravity and collapses. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, any fool who is stupid enough to fall into a black hole will disappear forever, and they will never escape from the black hole again. Their history will reach a singularity and a painful end. However, general relativity is a classical theory-that is, it does not consider the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics.

The fourth lecture will talk about how quantum mechanics makes energy leak from black holes. Black holes are not as black as people describe.

The fifth lecture will apply the idea of quantum mechanics to the Big Bang and the origin of the universe. This leads to the hypothesis that space-time may be limited, but there is no edge. This may be similar to the surface of the earth, but it has two more dimensions.

The sixth lecture will explain how this new boundary condition explains this problem: although the laws of physics are time symmetric, why is the past so different from the future?

Finally, the seventh lecture will talk about how we try to find a unified theory, which can include the interaction in quantum mechanics, gravity and all other physics. If we do this, we will really understand the universe and our place in it.

This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration. Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes, and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward unique views on free will, the value of life and death. After three years of study, which was not a huge workload, he obtained a first-class honorary degree in natural science, and then went to Cambridge University to study cosmology, when there was no cosmology major at Oxford University. Although he hoped to do research with Fred Hoyle in Cambridge at that time, his tutor was Dens Scarma. After receiving his doctorate, he became a researcher and later a professor at Gonville and Caius College.

1992 The film of the same name cost 3.5 million pounds. Hawking firmly believes that the basic ideas about the universe and the origin of life can be expressed without mathematics, and the world should be able to understand his profound theory through the audio-visual media such as movies. This book is a popular reading about exploring the nature of time and the frontier of the universe. It is the most important classic of contemporary scientific thinking about the universe, and it has changed the human concept of the universe. As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework.

The Chinese version of George's The Secret of the Universe was published in early 2008. This book was written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his student Christopher jaafar. It is one of Stephen Hawking's "Children's Popular Science Trilogy". In this book, black holes and many parts briefly describe Hawking's new ideas. This book has received rave reviews at home and abroad.

Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe. In the1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes, but in the next 30 years, it became more difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking wants to find a theory that can perfectly explain the whole phenomenon of the universe to explain the birth of the universe from 65.438+0.37 billion years to the present, but after many years, even if he is infinitely close to him, he still has not reached a conclusion. According to his theory of quantum mechanics, the birth of the universe was caused by the Big Bang, which was the product of an infinitely small compressed substance exploding under supergravity (which can also be understood as infinite density). The theoretical category of quantum mechanics cannot explain how this process works. Why is this happening? Hawking said, "There must be a theory that can describe small-scale gravity." The latest scientific breakthrough is the superstring theory constructed by Hawking's colleague mike green of Queen Mary College in London, which is called "string theory" for short. This theory points out that all particles and natural forces are actually tiny objects similar to strings in vibration, which solves the gravity problem that Hawking has been trying to solve. This theory must be based on the fact that the universe must have 9 10 or even more dimensions than 1 1, and the three-dimensional world we live in may just be one of the membranes of the real universe ... At present, a large number of scientists all over the world have done relevant experiments in space and on the earth to prove string theory, which proves from experiments to support Hawking's black hole theory and quantum theory.

"String theory" is similar to 10 dimension or 1 1 dimension = vibrating string, and tiny objects are vibrating like strings.

Modern interpretation of the quantum theory of the four-dimensional world in Hawking's films (Deng Yu et al.,1980);

Vibration quantum (wave quantum = quantum ghost wave) = vibration of translational particles; Vibrating particles; Tiny objects like quantum (particle) are oscillating.

Einstein, the God who doesn't roll the dice, the solution and template of deterministic quantum theory explanation: vector sum of particle vibration+vibration+translation.

On July 2, 2004, at the "17 International Conference on General Relativity and Gravity" held in Dublin, Ireland, Hawking made a 180 degree turn, indicating that his original views were wrong and information should be conserved. He announced his latest research results on black holes in the universe: black holes don't "completely devour" everything around them as he and most other physicists thought before. In fact, some information of matter sucked into the depths of a black hole may actually be released at some time: information conservation. The reason is that the black hole is too idealized, and the thermal radiation of the black hole is too idealized. However, Hawking never gave strict proof to support his new ideas. Thorne said that this matter can't be decided by Hawking alone, and he still insists on the view that information is not conserved. Presky said that he couldn't understand Hawking's speech and why he won. At present, this sensitive problem involving the basis of quantum theory is far from being solved.

The study of black hole theory has gone beyond the black hole itself. Not only touched the important cornerstone of quantum theory-Mo Zheng, but also opened a new chapter in exploring the nature of time.

From 1960s to 1980s, great progress has been made in the study of black holes. At first, people thought that a black hole was a death star, and everything could fall in, but nothing could escape. Hawking proved in 1974 that black holes have temperature and radiation. The discovery of Hawking radiation made black holes and Hawking himself a household name.

After 1980s, the focus of black hole research gradually shifted from temperature to information paradox. It has long been known that observers outside a black hole will lose almost all information about the matter that formed the black hole and later fell into it. This is the hairless theorem. The famous "Hawking radiation" theory. The so-called "Mao" means "information". There are only three "hairs" left in the black hole, namely, total mass, total charge and total angular momentum, which can be detected by the outside world. At first, people thought that although external observers could not detect the information of the matter inside the black hole, the information did not disappear from the universe, but was hidden inside the black hole. After the discovery of Hawking radiation, people know that all the substances in black holes will eventually be converted into thermal radiation, and thermal radiation can hardly bring any information. In this way, the information of the matter formed and falling into the black hole will disappear from the universe, and the information will no longer be conserved. Not only does the law of conservation of baryon number and the law of conservation of lepton number no longer hold, but the unitary nature of quantum theory will also be destroyed. Faced with such serious theoretical difficulties, physicists have launched a heated debate. Most theoretical physicists believe in the conservation of information and firmly believe that the cornerstone of quantum theory, that is, it will not be destroyed. In a word, information should be saved. Hawking, Thorne and other relativistic experts believe that information is not necessarily conserved, so it is entirely possible to destroy the singularity. To this end, Hawking and Thorne made a bet with Presky, who firmly believed in the conservation of information.

"This theory has been in trouble since its birth: it contradicts the' Law of Conservation of Information' adhered to by many scientists. It was once called the "black hole paradox".

Just as scientists in the19th century summed up the law of conservation of energy, many scientists in the 20th century put forward the theory of conservation of information-if this theory is established, the law of conservation of information will undoubtedly become the most important law in the scientific community, perhaps more profound than the law of conservation of material energy. Hawking's black hole theory caused a heated debate about whether "information" can be preserved and conserved in black holes. "

official website

http://www.hawking.org.uk/

Although Hawking's physical disability is getting more and more serious, Hawking tries to live like an ordinary person and accomplish anything within his power. He's even lively-it sounds funny. After he was completely unable to move, he still insisted on driving a wheelchair with his only movable finger on the way to the office. When meeting Prince Charles, he turned his wheelchair to show off. As a result, he ran over Prince Charles' toes and was scolded by Prince Charles.

1 and 1989 were awarded the honorary title of British knighthood.

He is a student of the Royal Society and a foreign academician of the American Academy of Sciences.

3. Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London.

4. Vatican Papal Science Society 1 1 Medal

5. Hopkins Prize

6. American Danny O 'Heinemann Award

7. Maxwell Prize

8. Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.

9. 1978 won the Albert Einstein Prize, the most prestigious prize in physics.

10 and penrose * * *, together, won the wolf physics prize of 1988.

1 1, 1988 Hawking's book A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Black Hole won the Wolf Foundation Award.

1942 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Oxford, England on October 8th.

The family moved to St. Albans on 1950.

1959 entered Oxford University.

1962 completed the physics degree course at Oxford University and transferred to Cambridge University for postgraduate study.

Hawking was diagnosed with motor neuron disease in 1963.

From 65438 to 0965, he entered gonville and Caius College of Cambridge University as a researcher and was awarded a doctorate. His research shows that the mathematical equation used to explain the collapse of black holes can also explain the expansion of the universe from a point. /Marry Jenny Wilder (jane wilde)

The eldest son Robert was born.

Since 1969, he has been a researcher of outstanding scientific achievements in gonville and Caius College.

Hawking studied the characteristics of 1970 black hole. He predicted that the radiation from black holes (now called Hawking radiation) and the surface area of black holes would never decrease. /Daughter Lucy was born/started to use a wheelchair.

1973 published the first book "The Structure of Time and Space".

1974 was elected as a member of the Royal Society. He went on to prove that black holes have temperature, black holes emit thermal radiation, and gasification will lead to mass loss.

From 1975 to 1976, he won six awards, namely the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, the 11th Medal of the Vatican Papal Science Society, the Hopkins Award, the Danny O 'Heinemann Award of the United States, the Maxwell Award and the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.

1977 was appointed Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge University.

1978 won the Einstein Prize, the highest prize in theoretical physics research in the world.

The second son Timothy was born in 1979/ Review of General Relativity: published in commemoration of Einstein's centenary birthday.

Lucas was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University from 65438 to 0980 (isaac newton once held this position).

198 1 year, he attended the Vatican cosmology conference, announced the publication of borderless ideas/hyperspace and supergravity/was awarded the Senior Knight Order of the British Empire.

1985 fell ill in Switzerland/had a tracheotomy and lost his language ability. He used a computer with a voice generator.

A Brief History of Time, published in 1988, won the Wolf Foundation Award and became a bestseller of quantum physics and relativity.

1989 was awarded the title of honorary knight of the British Empire.

1990 divorced his wife Jane Wilde after 25 years of marriage.

199 1 time brief history release.

1993 "black hole and baby universes" and other papers were published.

1September 199516th, married his nurse Elaine Mei Sen.

1996 Continue to work in Cambridge University.

200 1 10 Another masterpiece, The Universe in the Shell, was published.

In July 2004, Hawking corrected his original "black hole paradox" view that information should be conserved. On July 2 1, at the "17 International Conference on General Relativity and Gravity" held in Dublin, Ireland.

In 2007, the children's science fiction novel George's Secret of the Universe, co-authored by Hawking and Lucy Gigord, was first published in France on September 6th. This book is the first children's book written by Hawking, in which Hawking explained his theory about time and the universe to children.

Hawking is one of the great men who enjoy international reputation in this century. Now he is 68 years old. He was born on the anniversary of Galileo's death. He is a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, and also the most important general relativity and cosmologist of our time. In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they both won the Wolf Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of black holes.

Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society.

Professor Hawking is a modern popular science novelist. His masterpiece is A Brief History of Time written in 1988, which is an excellent astronomical popular science novel. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages. 1992 The film of the same name cost 3.5 million pounds. Hawking firmly believes that the basic ideas about the universe and the origin of life can be expressed without mathematics, and the world should be able to understand his profound theory through the audio-visual media such as movies. This book is a popular reading about exploring the nature of time and the frontier of the universe. It is the most important classic work about the scientific thought of the universe, which has changed the concept of the universe. As soon as this book was published, it caused great repercussions all over the world. A Brief History of Time is a landmark book for readers who prefer words to equations. She is good at being a contributor to human thoughts. This is a book that pursues knowledge infinitely and explores the essence of time and space.

As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework. This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration.

Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes, and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward unique views on free will, the value of life and death.

The essence of time and space was expressed in a complete mathematical form 80 years ago, and the basic principles of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago. However, can these two most accurate and successful theories in the whole physics be unified in a single quantum gravity? Two of the most famous physicists in the world debated this question. This book is based on six speeches and final debates given by Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.

The charm of the future begins with Hawking's prediction of the next billion years of the universe and ends with Don Kubit's understanding of the final judgment. It introduces the development of prediction and the methods we use to predict the future today. The text of the book is easy to understand. The author expounds his own views and answers some interesting questions, which is very interesting to read. 1. When you face the possibility of death, you will realize that life is precious and you have a lot to do.

My fingers can still move and my brain can still think; I have the ideal that I pursue all my life, and I have relatives and friends who love me and love me. By the way, I still have a grateful heart ... Hawking not only conquered the scientific community with his achievements, but also conquered the world with his tenacious fighting spirit.