The form of poetry

Form, that is, style, refers to the way the language structure of poetry is combined. It serves the content. Sometimes wonderful forms can create special artistic effects. Help readers understand the poetry and deepen their impression. Mr. Zhu Guangqian believes: "The essence of poetry is the emotion expressed in language, and the form is the language revealed by the emotion." Language is a tool to express thoughts and feelings, and language form is actually the externalization of the poet's ideological character and a kind of life of the poet. form. Human beings are both natural and social beings, and their thoughts and characters are all marked by the times. Therefore, poetry has different forms of existence in different periods and environments.

Let us first roughly classify various types of poetry from different perspectives and according to different standards.

① According to the nature of the content and the way of expression, it can be divided into: lyric poetry, narrative poetry, philosophical poetry, etc.

② According to different language formats, it can be divided into: ballads (folk songs, ballads, children's songs, nursery rhymes), Chu Ci, metrical poetry, free verse, etc.

③ According to the order of historical development, it can be divided into: ancient style poetry, new style poetry, modern style poetry, new poetry, etc.

④ According to different themes, it can be divided into: epic poems, military poems, landscape poems, pastoral poems, local poems, urban poems, etc.

⑤ According to the combination with other genres, it can be divided into: prose poems, fable poems, fairy tale poems, riddle poems, poems, parallel prose, poetic novels, poetic dramas, etc.

⑥ According to the length, it can be divided into: long narrative poems, short poems, miniature poems, etc.

There can also be different classification methods, such as different types according to style, genre, function, etc.

Below we will introduce some common poetry styles in detail.

1. Lyric poetry

Lyric poetry is a style of poetry that expresses subjective emotions and emotions in the author's tone of voice. Generally, there is no complete storyline and characters. Even if there are some fragmentary descriptions of scenery, they are used to express ambitions and express emotions through scenes. According to the author's attitude towards objective things and the content of the work, it can be divided into odes, elegy, love songs, pastoral poems, landscape poems, satirical poems, poems chanting things, etc. Such as He Jingzhi's "Song of Lei Feng", Li Ying's "January Sorrow", Dai Wangshu's "Rain Alley", Shu Ting's "To the Oak Tree", Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Friend's Village", Wang Wei's "Deer Chai", Li Bai's "Wang Lushan Waterfall", Du Fu's "Military Chariots" and "Spring Night Rain", Zuo Si's "Eight Ode to History" are all good lyric poems. Lyric poetry is the most personal poem that best embodies the lyrical characteristics of poetry.

2. Narrative poetry

Narrative poetry is a poetic style that tells stories, depicts characters, and reflects life in the narrator's tone. Compared with lyric poems, it has a more complete storyline and can use various techniques to describe characters. However, compared with novels and dramas, its plots are simpler and have larger jumps, the characters are simpler, and fewer details are used. The narrative language is general and passionate. Its basic forms include epic poems, poetic novels, poetic dramas, general narrative poems, etc. For example, the ancient Greek Homer's epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey", "Shengmin" and "Gongliu" in my country's "Book of Songs", Byron's "Don Juan" in England, and Russia's Pushkin's "Yevgeny... "Onegin", Goethe's "Faust", Han Yuefu's "The Peacock Flies Southeast", etc. are all excellent narrative poems that integrate narrative and lyricism.

3. Philosophical poetry

Philosophical poetry focuses on the revelation of philosophy, and explores the principles and laws in life through image comparisons. Generally, the text is short and the imagery is wonderful. In the past, it was classified as lyric poetry. For example, Gu Cheng's "A Generation": "The night gave me black eyes/but I used them to look for light." This little poem shows that a generation of young people have not lost their pursuit of light despite the hardships of the times. . There are elephants (black eyes) with intention (looking for light), and they are chewy. Another example is Feng Jicai's "Spiritual" poetry collection, in which many short poems shine with the light of wisdom, giving people enlightenment and philosophical thinking.

"The big tree said to the woodcutter/Do you know/The most painful wound is a wound that does not bleed?" "The ferryman repeatedly chooses the other shore/and ends up wandering for a lifetime" "Mountains are solidified waves/Water is flowing mountains"... …

4. Ballads

A general term for folk songs, ballads, children's songs, and nursery rhymes. In ancient China, those who were happy were called songs, and those who were not happy and sung orally were called ballads. In modern times, they are collectively called ballads. It is a form of poetry created orally by working people and used to express their thoughts and feelings. The content is simple, the style is fresh, the form is lively, and it has national characteristics, local characteristics, popularity, colloquialism, contemporary nature, social nature and other characteristics. For example, my country's first collection of folk songs, "The Book of Songs", Yuefu folk songs from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, He Jingzhi's "Back to Yan'an", Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang", etc.; "Common People's Topics - Contemporary Rhymes" compiled by Lu Wen ", which collects a large number of folk songs; "365 Nights of Children's Songs" compiled by Lu Bing in two volumes; "Selected Nursery Rhymes" compiled by Gu Siyong, which contains more than 200 nursery rhymes. Below we will only briefly introduce the collection of folk songs "The Book of Songs". The Book of Songs was created more than 2,500 years ago, and was probably written between the early Zhou Dynasty and the middle Spring and Autumn Period 500 years ago. It is the earliest collection of poems (folk songs) in my country, with 305 articles in total. Originally it was only called "The Book of Songs", but because it was cited as a number, it was also called "Three Hundred Poems". It was also called "The Book of Songs" because it was listed as one of the Confucian classics. It is divided into three categories: Feng, Ya and Song. There are 160 poems on Feng, including 15 national styles; 105 poems on Ya, including 31 Daya poems and 74 Xiaoya poems; and 40 poems, including 31 Zhou poems, 4 Lu poems, and 5 Shang poems. According to records in "Historical Records" and other books, "The Book of Songs" was deleted by Confucius.

There are four annotations for "The Book of Songs": "Qi Shi" by Yuan Gu from Qi, "Lu Shi" by Shen Pei from Lu, and "Han Shi" by Han Ying of Yan State. Has been lost. What we are seeing now is "Mao Shi" passed down by Mao Heng from Lu.

"Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "Poems have six meanings: one is wind, the other is Fu, the third is Bi, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode." Things are based on the foundation of a person, which is called style. "Elegance is the reason for the failure of the king's government. There are small and large ones, so there is small elegance and great elegance." "Elegance means beauty and prosperity." The description of virtue is to report success to the gods. "That is to say: Feng is a folk song with different local flavors produced in various countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty; Ya is a poem about political affairs; Song is a tribute to the ruler through sacrifice. Poems that praise one's own virtues. Fu, Bi and Xing are the expression methods of The Book of Songs. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" says: "The person who writes the poem tells the story directly and speaks directly." "The person who compares it means comparing it with another thing." "The person who expresses it by describing something else first to evoke the words to be chanted. . "For example, "Jing Nu" uses poems throughout; "Shuo Shu" uses comparison throughout; "Guan Guan Ju Jiu, in the river island" rises, which leads to the following "A graceful lady, a gentleman likes to fight".

The main features of "The Book of Songs" are:

① It is mainly composed of four words; ② It widely uses the techniques of fu, comparison and xing; ③ The composition has multiple chapters and repeated chants; ④ At least every other sentence rhymes, and sometimes the rhyme is changed. If there is a function word at the end of the sentence, it rhymes with the previous word of the function word, and sometimes it rhymes with the phonetic rhyme; ⑤ Most poems adopt a realistic writing technique. Such as "Fa Tan" and "Jiang Yousi" (original poem and brief analysis)

5. Chu Ci

Chu Ci, also known as "Sao style" or "Fu", is a new poetic style created by Chu literati represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs. The representative work is Qu Yuan's "Li Sao". This kind of works are long in length and sentence pattern, free in form, and full of romantic atmosphere. They often use the word "xi" to help the language, and have a strong lyrical atmosphere and a southern local color. When he became emperor of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled the poems and poems of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a collection, which he named "Chu Ci". Huang Bosi of the Song Dynasty said in "Dongguan Yulun: Preface to the Compilation of Chu Ci": "All the poets in the Song Dynasty wrote Chu language, made Chu sounds, recorded the Chu land, and named Chu things, so they can be called Chu Ci." In the history of literature, It is called "Feng" ("The Book of Songs") and "Sao" ("Li Sao") together.

Those who have great influence in annotating "Chu Ci" include: "Chapter and Sentences of Chu Ci" by Wang Yi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Supplementary Commentary on Chu Ci" by Song Hongxingzu, Zhu Xi's "Collected Commentary on Chu Ci", and "Chu Ci" by Wang Fuzhi of the Qing Dynasty "General Interpretation" and so on.

6. Fu

Fu was originally one of the "Six Meanings" of the Book of Songs. It is a literary expression technique that lays out the truth. Later, people called articles written in this way Fu, and the name continued. So far, it has become a stylistic name. Qu Yuan's Chu Ci is also called Fu.

Ban Gu said: "The person who writes poetry is like the flow of ancient poetry." Liu Xie said: "The person who writes poetry is the person who was commissioned by the poet and entrusted me with the Ci of Chu." "Pucai Liwen refers to the use of gorgeous words to describe the form of Fu; writing about objects is to describe objective things and express the author's feelings, which refers to the content of Fu. It is a variation of poetry that has the characteristics of poetry and prose. It lays out the story and pays attention to literary grace. It is mostly composed of four words and six words, with three and five rhyming verses. It was most prosperous in the Han Dynasty, so Han Fu is also called Han Fu. It is called ancient fu, along with Tang poetry and Song poetry. It is characterized by long length, many questions and answers, mixed rhyme and rhyme, and a preference for using uncommon characters, such as Jia Yi's "Fu Niao Niao Fu", Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu". ", Ban Gu's "Liangdu Fu", etc. In the Six Dynasties, it was called Haifu, also known as parallel fu. It was characterized by its short length and emphasis on parallelism and allusion. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called rhyme fu. It paid attention to format, antithesis, and level. , rhyme, etc., no more than 400 words. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, influenced by the ancient prose movement, it became a prose. It was characterized by uneven sentence patterns, mostly prose instead of parallel, more casual rhymes, and smooth writing, which was closer to prose. It is further away from poetry. For example, Du Mu's "Afang Palace Fu" and Ouyang Xiu's "Qiu Sheng Fu" are divided into four categories: Sao style, parallel style, literary Fu and miscellaneous Fu. > 7. Yuefu

Yuefu was originally an official office established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to deal with music. It also composed and collected folk poems and music. This type of poetry was later called Yuefu poetry from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. The poems that can be included in music and the non-music works imitated by later generations are collectively called Yuefu. Most of them are miscellaneous words, mainly five-character. Han Yuefu is relatively excellent and has a great influence on later generations. "Xie" is a miscellany; "Peacock Flying Southeast" is a five-character poem; "Nineteen Ancient Poems" marks the maturity of Han Yuefu; Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are excellent works imitating Yuefu, such as "Nineteen Ancient Poems". "The second poem "Green Grass by the River" is a Yuefu poem that expresses the longing for parting and the sorrow of the times.

Green grass by the river, lush willows in the garden

Yingying upstairs. The girl is shining brightly at the window.

E'e is wearing pink makeup and has slender hands.

She was a prostitute in the past.

She is a slut. The most prominent features of this poem are: ① The use of dual persons and dual observation points facilitates both objective description and the display of the subjective inner world. ② The concept is unique. It first depicts the objective external environment, then depicts the character's form, and finally displays the character's inner world. It is a complete artistic conception process. ③ The use of overlapping words is superb, such as green and gloomy, which describe the objective environment; Yingying and Jiaojiao. , is used to describe a woman's graceful appearance; E'e, slender, is used to describe a woman's makeup and the softness of her fingers. ④ The image of "slut woman" is vivid and expressive, with both external dynamic beauty and inner gloomy beauty, and is very artistic. .

8. Ge Xing

Ge Xing is a type of ancient poetry, belonging to the Yuefu category. The syllables and meter are relatively free, and the sentences vary in length. Xu Shizeng, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said in his "Preface to the Ming Dynasty on the Ming Dynasty of Literary Style": "Those who express their feelings and speak long words, which are mixed and have no direction, are called 'songs'; those whose steps are galloping, sparse but not stagnant are called 'walking'; and those who combine them are called 'songs'. "

For example, Liu Bang's "Song of the Great Wind": "The strong wind is blowing and the clouds are flying, and the powerful warriors are returning to their hometown. Are the warriors guarding the four directions?" It expresses the sadness of the victor. Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song": "Strengthen the mountain and the world is overwhelming, but the times are not good and the time is not going away. What can you do if the time is not going away? What can you do if the time is not going away!" It expresses the sadness of the loser. In fact, both Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were sentimental about human insignificance. Another example is Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing": "Singing over wine, what is life like?..." Chen Hang once pointed out: "This poem is the purpose of thinking about warriors in the "Great Wind Song" written by Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty." Chen Zizhan said in "Talking about Cao Cao" Said: This poem is "generous and sad, with a unique tune through the ages...The style of the poem is just in line with the person's personality." It should be noted that for poems in the style of song, the title does not necessarily have the words "gexing".

9. Ancient style poetry

Ancient style poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" or "ancient style", is opposite to "modern style poetry". Including Yuefu folk songs of the Han and Wei dynasties, Yuefu folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and literati poems of this period. The form is free, the length is not restricted, mostly oral language is used, no emphasis is placed on confrontation, and the rhyme range is wide.

10． New-style poetry

New-style poetry, as opposed to ancient-style poetry, was formed during the Yongming reign of Emperor Wu of Qi in the Southern Dynasty. It is also called "Yongming style" and is a transitional poetry style from ancient poetry to modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Qi Yongming, Zhou Dynasty discovered the four tones of Chinese characters. At the same time, Shen Yue studied the coordination of tones, rhymes, and tones in poems based on the overlapping rhymes of four tones and two tones, and put forward the theory of poetic rhythm of "four tones and eight diseases". The four tones are: Ping (Yin Ping, Yang Ping), Shang, Lai, Ru. Ping is the flat tone, and Up and Enter is the oblique tone. Eight diseases: flat head, upper tail, wasp's waist, crane's knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side button, and straight button. As a result, a new poetic style with rhythm was formed. This style of poetry is a great improvement in paying attention to rhythm, but it is a bad tendency to pay too much attention to rhythm, antithesis, diction and other forms while ignoring the content. Therefore, there are not many excellent poems from this period, only Xie Yuezhao's is better. Such as "Enter the Court Song" and "Jade Level Resentment" etc.

11. Modern style poetry

Modern style poetry, also known as "modern style poetry", is a general name for the rhymed poetry and quatrains formed in the Tang Dynasty. Modern poetry has strict regulations on the number of sentences, words, rhythm and rhyme: the number of sentences in each poem is fixed (except for rhythm); the number of words in each poem is fixed; the rhyme is generally rhymed with flat tones, no rhyme changes are allowed, and the rhyme position is fixed; every sentence in each sentence is fixed. There are rules for the level of words; certain sentences must be in contrast.

12． New poetry

New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", is relative to old-style poetry (ancient style, new style, modern style), and generally refers to poetry after the "May 4th" period, including modern metrical poetry, Free verse, prose poetry, etc. Its characteristic is that it breaks through the limitations of the rhythm of old-style poetry and adopts vernacular and modern phonology that is close to spoken language. It is generally neat, free in rhyme, lively, easy to express complex modern life, thoughts and feelings, and is easily accepted by the masses.

13. Metrical poetry

Metrical poetry is poetry written according to a fixed format and strict rhyme. The so-called "pieces have definite numbers, sentences have definite characters, words have definite sounds, and rhymes have definite positions", which means that there are certain specifications, rules and rules in terms of number of words, number of sentences, number of sections, level, contrast, rhyme, changes, etc. . Ancient Chinese rhymed poems, quatrains, lyrics, and songs, Japanese haiku, and Western sonnets are all metrical poems.

14. Rhythm poetry quatrains

Rhythm poetry generally has eight lines each, one or two lines are called the first couplet; three or four lines are called the jaw couplet; five or six lines are called the neck couplet; seven or eight lines are called the tail couplet. The second, fourth, and sixth sentences must rhyme. The first sentence may or may not rhyme, but it usually rhymes with flat tones. The chin couplet and the neck couplet must face each other. Each sentence has several characters (words), so it is called Jilu, such as Wulu and Qilu; each poem has more than eight sentences, it is called Pailu (long rhythm); each poem has six sentences, it is called trirhyme and small rhyme; each poem has a cut-off rhythm. Half of the eight sentences (four sentences) are called quatrains, such as Wujue and Qijue. There were quatrains before the Tang Dynasty, and they were called Gujue; those after the Tang Dynasty were called Lujue. The inherent structural form of verses and quatrains is succession, transition and combination. There are two types of rhymes: Ping Qi and Qi Qi. The Ping and Qi of the second character in the first sentence shall prevail.

15． Ci

Ci is also known as tune Ci, Yuefu, long and short sentences, poetry, Qinqu, etc. It originated in the Sui Dynasty, took shape in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and became popular in the Song Dynasty.

The "qu" in Quzi means "Yanle" (banquet music) tunes; the "ci" is the lyrics that are in harmony with these tunes. Writing new words according to the rhythm and rhythm of the music score is called "filling in words" (according to the sound), and then filling in the words according to the number of words, number of sentences, rhythm, and rhythm of the previous works. It is separated from the music and becomes a rhythm with sentences of varying lengths. poetry. Words have tones, and each tone has a specific name called "word card." Different tones, number of paragraphs, sentences, rhythm, number of words per sentence, sentence pattern, pronunciation, etc. all have different specifications. The "Qin Ding Ci Pu" co-edited by Chen Tingjing, Wang Yiqing and others during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty collected a total of 2306 formats.

There are three ways to classify words:

The first one is divided into Ling (acute music tune), Yinhejin (moderate music tune), according to the different rhythms of music. Slow (the music is slow). Such as "Sixteen Character Order", "Cuihua Yin", "Good things are coming soon", "Divination is slow", etc.

The second classification method is based on the number of sentences and words, which are divided into Xiaoling (within 58 words), Middle tone (59-90 words), and Long tone (more than 91 words).

The third classification method is based on the number of sections, which are divided into monotonic (single piece), double tone (two sections, divided into upper and lower pieces or called upper and lower sections), triple (three sections), quadruple (four sections) ), overlapping rhyme (doubling the original rhyme to form a double tone), couplet (the combination of words in two or more tones, including ordinary couplet, drum word and Zhuanta).

There are roughly five sources of Ci Pai:

① It evolved from the music of the original Tang Jiaofang song, such as "Bodhisattva Man", "Shang Xiang Si", etc. ② Evolved from the excerpts of Tang Dynasty songs. Some of these words are marked with "getou", such as "Shui Diao Getou"; some are marked with "zhaiban", such as "Fan Qingbo Zhaiban"; The words are not marked. ③ It is formed by changing the original tone of the word. For example, the tone of guilt is "Desolate Prisoner"; the modulation of tone is "Miao Ting Man Ting Fang"; the tone of promo is "Picking Mulberries"; the tone of spread is "Pan Po Jiang Cheng Zi"; the tone is added There are "Tian Sheng Willow Branches"; subtracting words include "Subtracting Words Magnolia"; stealing words include "Tou Sheng Magnolia" and so on. ④ Take ready-made poems, or summarize their contents, or borrow their names, such as "Dian Jiang Lip", "Qin Yuan Chun", etc. ⑤ Named or renamed by taking the words and sentences from the original tune, such as "Yi Jiangnan", "Ru Meng Ling", etc.

16. Qu

Qu in a broad sense refers to all kinds of music and lyrics that can be put into music since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Qu in a narrow sense refers to music that is juxtaposed with poems and lyrics. That is, Southern Song and Northern Song in the Song Dynasty and after, which were popular in the Yuan Dynasty. It is divided into opera (zaju, legend) and Sanqu (xiaoling, taosu). Both the music and the lyrics are composed according to the sound, and the styles are similar, but the music is more flexible than the lyrics. Qu, generally in addition to the fixed number of words, you can also add lining words, which is more free and contains many colloquial expressions, colloquialisms, slang, etc. We only introduce "Sanqu". Sanqu originated from the folk tunes of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and is also called a cappella. There are two types: small orders and sets. Xiaoling refers to a single ditty, which can be divided into elegant and vulgar styles. The elegant one is called Yuefu, and the vulgar one is called Ye'er, such as Ma Zhiyuan's "Yue Diao·Tian Jing Sha·Qiu Si". Tao Shu, also known as San Tao or Tao Qu, uses several tunes of the same palace tune to connect them into one. No matter how long or short they are, they have one rhyme to the end and are suitable for narrative, such as Sui Jingchen's "Banshe Diao·Shaobian·The Return of the Emperor Gaozu" by Sui Jingchen.

The "Gong Diao" mentioned above refers to the name of the tune. Ancient music has twelve rhythms (twelve semitones) and seven tones (Gong, Shang, Jiao, Bian Zheng, Zheng, Yu, Bian Gong), which are combined into twelve palaces and seventy-two tunes, collectively known as 84 palace tunes. There were 28 in the Tang and Song Dynasties and 19 in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhou Deqing, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, listed the phonology of the Central Plains in six palaces and eleven tones, totaling 17. The most common types of Northern Opera are Five Palace (Zhenggong, Zhonglu Palace, Nanlu Palace, Xianlu Palace, Huangzhong Palace) and four tunes (Dashi Diao, Shuangdiao, Shang Diao, Yue Diao), such as Guan Hanqing's "Shuangdiao·Intoxication" "East Wind". If several palace tunes are combined together to sing a story, it is called a couplet or Zhugong tune.

17. Sonnet

Sonnet, also known as "Shang Lai style", is a Western lyric style with strict rhythm. There are different opinions on its origin. It was first popular in Italy during the Renaissance, and later became popular in England, France and Germany.

A sonnet in Italian style, also known as Petrarchan style, consists of two stanzas of four lines and two stanzas of three lines. The syllables are neat and the rhyme pattern is: the first two stanzas are usually A, B, B, A, A, B. B and A, the last two stanzas have six lines or two rhyme variations, or three rhyme variations.

Shakespearean sonnets, also called Elizabethan, are composed of three stanzas of four lines and one stanza of two lines. The rhyme scheme is generally A, B, A, B, C, D, B, C, Wuji, Geng, Geng. .

For example, "Song 29" (translated by Tu An):

Once I lose my happiness and be looked down upon by others,

I cry alone, I blame others for abandoning me,

I trouble the deaf sky with my cries in vain, and look at myself again, I only hate my bad luck.

I wish I could be like someone else: a bright future,

a talented person, or a lot of friends,

If I want to have the authority of this person, then People's talents,

are most dissatisfied with what they are most proud of.

But in this thought that almost looked down on myself,

I occasionally thought of you - my heart

Suddenly, like a skylark at dawn, it emerged from the gloom. The earth

rushed to the gate of heaven and sang hymns.

I remember your sweet love, this is a treasure,

Teach me not to disdain to change the situation with the emperor.

This is a poem that passionately celebrates love (or friendship). Rhyming situation: an, i, an, i; a, i, a, i; i, ai, i, ai; ao, ao, which conforms to the rules we mentioned above. The internal structural rules of the whole poem are also like our country's regular verses: the first stanza, "Start", describes the poet's complaint about his bad luck; the second stanza, "Continue", continues to write about the poet's secret comparison with others, making him feel more inferior; In the third stanza, turn, it is written that when the poet was feeling sorry for himself and looking down on himself, he suddenly remembered the precious friendship, and his spirit suddenly cheered up; in the fourth stanza, the last line, the poet was high-spirited and high-spirited, which was in contrast to the beginning. The whole poem completes a process of thought transformation, from depression to cheer, from melancholy to comfort, from inferiority to pride, which reflects the spiritual power of love (or friendship), especially the last stanza, which highlights the theme and becomes a famous saying. It embodies the poet's humanistic thought of love first.

18． Haiku

Haiku includes Japanese haiku and Han haiku, and is also a metrical poem.

Haiku is one of the shortest poetry styles in Japan. One poem consists of 17 tones, also known as "Seventeen Characters". There are two basic principles: ① 17 tones, divided into five, seven, and five stanzas; ② Season title, each haiku must have a related word that expresses the four seasons, usually placed in the first line. In addition, there are two types of rhymes: alliteration and end rhyme. You can also not rhyme at all, which is more casual. In terms of content, the earliest ones were mainly about humorous and free-spirited themes. Haiku was once called "haiku renge". It was only during the era of Matsuo Basho (1644-1694) that he entered the art world with his creations on serious themes. For example, "Untitled" by Matsuo Basho: "Lonely ancient pond/frog jumped into the middle of the water/with a splashing sound"; "Cuckoo" by Chiyo Chiyo: "quiet night thinking about the cuckoo/quietly thinking about the cuckoo without realizing the dawn/morning stars hang on the horizon."

Han haiku is a Chinese haiku written in imitation of Japanese haiku. Han haiku generally have six characteristics: ① ② Haiku of the same day; ③ Appropriate arrangement of flat and oblique, with the last character of each line rhyming; ④ Three lines connected into one, with lingering flavor in the last line, profound meaning, concise and implicit; ⑤ Text and white, and It can be both shallow and deep, and can be chanted or recited; ⑥ It is more lyrical and scene-describing than narrative. For example: Wen Xiang's "Endeavor, Don't Hesitate": "Looking forward to the young man/The mirror flowers and the moon are in vain/Endeavor, don't be hesitant"; Zhao Wangjin's "The Tailor Master": "The golden scissors make the spring bloom/The silver needle attracts colorful clouds/The length is satisfactory. ".

19. Miniature poems

Ma Libian said: "Poems in lyric poems that can fit on one page, that is, poems within twelve lines, are called small poems. Then cut the twelve lines in half, that is, Poems within six lines are called micro-poems. "Some people cut micro-poems in half, that is, poems within three lines are called micro-poems. For example, "Comments on 500 Micro-Poems" edited by Muren mainly collects poems of 1 to 3 lines.

The characteristics of micro-poems are: they are short and wonderful, and they capture the heart and soul with just a few words.

He Jingzhi said: "Micro-poems are not micro-poems." Muren said: "Micro-poems have concise language, exquisite form, and subtle connotations." Lu Jin said: "More micro-poems tend to be "Principles of poetry should be avoided being straight, white, empty, and mysterious. Miniature poems should be distinguished from proverbs and separated from riddles." In fact, the principles of miniature poems should be neither straight nor empty. To be neither mysterious nor dry, we must deal with the issue of "mind and matter", that is, "intention and image". The poet first has feelings (meaning), and then uses objects (images) to express his feelings skillfully, which is called the materialization of feelings; the poet first sees things in his eyes, and then expresses his feelings with the objects (images), which is called the emotionalization of objects and images. It would be wonderful if we could "understand the two concepts of mind and matter", that is, if there is intention and image. Be careful not to be intentional but not imaged, or to be imaged but unintentional. For example, "Pride makes people lag behind, but humility makes people progress." Intentional but no image is not poetry; "Elephant, never intends to lose weight." There is no intention to lose weight. "Spring Breeze": "On the willow silk / after a swing / Kiss the peach blossom again." Poetry is good when it has meaning and imagery. Lu Jin said: "Images contain endless meanings, which are precisely the places that have not been touched upon, and the vast mist fills the present."

"For example, Bing Xin's "Stars" and "Spring Water", Zong Baihua's "Flowing Clouds", Feng Jicai's "Spirituality", Ma Junwei's "Qiushi Pian" and miniature poems by poets such as Wang Erbei and Kong Fu are all simple and concise poems. A good poem that is bright, light, and elegant.

20. Prose poetry

Prose poetry is a form of poetry that has the characteristics of lyrical prose and lyric poetry. , is not divided into lines, is not bound by a fixed format, does not require a clear rhythm, can rhyme or not, and is generally short in length; the content is full of poetic and picturesque, like a round apple, full of sweet juice, with inner passion It gives people a strong artistic impression. It has emotional beauty, artistic conception, conciseness and musical beauty; it also has flexibility and diversity, such as Liu Yuxi's "Inscription on the Humble Room", Lu Xun's "Wild Grass", Gorky's "Haiyan", and Liu Yuxi's "Haoyan". Shahe's "Grass and Trees", Metasequoia's "Mountains and Clouds", Rabindranath Tagore's prose poems, etc.