Crossing the Lingding Ocean

(Southern Song Dynasty) Wen Tianxiang

After a hard encounter, only a few stars were scattered around.

The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind flutters, and the life experience is ups and downs.

Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean.

Encounter: Encountered selection by the imperial court. Qi Yi Jing: Passing the imperial examination to obtain an official position due to proficiency in a certain scripture. Wen Tianxiang ranked first in Jinshi in the fourth year of Emperor Lizong Baoyou's reign (1256) in the Song Dynasty. Gange liaoluo: liaoluo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. Gange, two kinds of weapons, here refers to war. Solitary, desolate and desolate. The Southern Song Dynasty died in 1279 and was unable to resist at this time. Four stars: four years. It was exactly four years from the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275) when he launched an army to fight against the Yuan Dynasty until he was captured. Feng Piaoxu: Use metaphorical rhetoric to describe the country's power as like catkins. Rain and Ping: A metaphor for one's life experience being rough, like a duckweed in the rain, drifting without roots, rising and sinking. Panic Beach: In today's Ganjiang River in Wan'an, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is very fast and extremely dangerous. It is one of the eighteen beaches in the Ganjiang River. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach. Lingdingyang: that is, "Lingdingyang", now the Pearl River Estuary south of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army in December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278), the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Bing, and imprisoned in a warship in the ocean. In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army's marshal Zhang Hongfan attacked Yashan, forcing Wen Tianxiang to surrender the Song army commander Zhang Shijie who was holding on to Yashan. . So Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem. Lingding: Lonely and helpless. Keep your loyalty and shine in history: Keep your loyalty and loyalty and shine forever in history. Loyal heart: red heart, a metaphor for loyalty. History: In ancient times, when writing on bamboo slips, the bamboo slices were first roasted with fire to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Because the water in the bamboo slips evaporates like sweat, the slips are called history, and they are also called finals. This refers specifically to historical records. Translation Translation 1 "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" My life's hard experiences all began with a Confucian classic; after leading the rebel army to fight against the Yuan soldiers, after four hard years, the great rivers and mountains of the motherland were shattered under the enemy's invasion. Like catkins blown away by strong winds; my own life experience is also turbulent, like duckweed tossed and tossed by heavy rain. Thinking of the defeat in Jiangxi and the scene of (oneself) evacuating from the panic beach, the dangerous rapids and the severe situation still make people panic; thinking of the whole army in Wulingpo last year, being trapped in the enemy's hands, and now in the vast solitude In the ocean, I can only lament my loneliness. Since ancient times, who has never died? Sacrifice your life for your country, die a worthy death, (let me) leave this sincere heart to illuminate history! Translation 2 "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" Illustration Looking back on the hard work I went through in my early years from the imperial examination to becoming an official, it has now been four years since the war broke out. The country's dangers are like catkins flying in the wind, and personal life experiences are like duckweeds in a shower. The disastrous defeat at Panpantan makes me still terrified. Being trapped in Yuanlu by Ling Dingyang makes me feel lonely and lonely. Who has been able to live forever since ancient times? I want to leave a legacy of patriotic loyalty reflected in the annals of history. Translation 3 "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" The arduous life experience started from studying and becoming an official. He fought hard with the Yuan army for four years with a weak force. The country of the Song Dynasty was fragmented, like catkins blown away by the wind. It rose and fell throughout its life, like duckweed beaten by rain in the water. Last year I expressed my fear on the beach of fear, and now I lament my loneliness on the lonely ocean. Since ancient times, who can never die and leave this sincere heart to illuminate the annals of history. Translation 4 (Translation of Lesson 25 of the Eight Chinese Languages ??of the People's Education Press) Because I was familiar with the scriptures and passed the imperial examination, I was selected by the imperial court to become an official. Four years have passed in frequent anti-Yuan battles. The country of the Song Dynasty was in danger and was like catkins in the wind. My life has been rough, like a duckweed drifting in the rain with no roots, rising and sinking from time to time. The disastrous defeat at Panpantan makes me still terrified. Being trapped in Yuanlu by Ling Dingyang makes me feel lonely and lonely. Since ancient times, everyone has to die, but death must be meaningful. If you can be loyal to the country, you can still shine for thousands of years after your death and leave your name in history. The rhythm is divided into hard work/encounter/experience, fighting/failure/all around stars.

Mountains and rivers/broken/wind/floating catkins, life experience/ups and downs/rain/beating.

The panic beach/head/speaks of panic, and the lonely ocean/li/sighs the lonely sea.

In life/since ancient times/who has never died? Keep your/loyal heart/according to history. Edit this paragraph Poetry Appreciation Appreciation 1 Wen Tianxiang Memorial Hall This poem was written by Wen Tianxiang after he was captured to fight for his death. In one or two sentences, the poet looks back on his life, but due to space limitations, the writing method is to cite two events, one as official and one as defeat in the army, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of this great change, what the poet thought of was not his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he failed to win a military victory two years ago to reverse the situation. At the same time, I also feel particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. From the lines, it is not difficult for us to feel the author's desolate mood intertwined with the great pain of the ruin of his country and his family, self-blame and self-lament. The last two sentences are Wen Tianxiang's unhesitating choice of his own destiny when he is trapped in the enemy's hands. This adds a tragic and passionate strength and confidence to the previous emotions and regrets, showing a unique sublime beauty. This is not only a reflection of the poet's personality charm, but also the unique spiritual beauty of the Chinese nation. Its touching qualities go far beyond the scope of language. Appreciation 2 This is a narrative poem that will last forever. The poem begins with a review of life experience. It is intended to imply that you have been tempered for a long time and are fearless no matter what hardships and hardships you have. Then I recounted my combat career: I spent four years in a desolate and desolate war environment. Linking personal destiny to the rise and fall of the country. Three or four sentences continue to express the development of the situation and the deep sorrow and indignation from both the national and personal aspects. This couplet has neat contrasts and appropriate metaphors, truly reflecting the social reality at that time and the poet's experience. National disasters, personal ups and downs, and all kinds of pain tortured the poet's feelings, making his words doubly sad. The five or six sentences are deeper and deeper, using typical events in the encounter to once again show the poet's painful soul trembling due to the destruction of the country and personal danger. The last two sentences converge the whole article with majestic momentum, and write a heroic oath of preferring death to surrender. The meaning is that since ancient times, how can there be immortality in life? As long as this patriotism and loyalty can be left to shine in the annals of history. This famous saying that has been passed down through the ages is a hymn to an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The tone of the whole poem is melancholy and solemn, and the awe-inspiring righteousness runs through the rainbow. It is indeed a great patriotic poem that moves the heaven and the earth and weeps ghosts and gods. Appreciation Three Wen Tianxiang's Statue "After a hard encounter, few stars fell all around during the fight." The author, facing the critical moment of life and death, recalled his life and was filled with emotion. He grasped two major things, one was to become an official with Ming Jing, and the other was to be "King of Diligence". Starting from these two ends, the historical background and personal mood at that time were well written. "There are only a few fights" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the imperial court recruited soldiers from all over the world, but there were very few who held high the flag of righteousness and sacrificed their lives for the country like Wen Tianxiang. The author uses the four words "fighting only rarely", implying his anger towards those who are living an ignoble existence and his condemnation of the capitulationists! If the first couplet is recounted from the vertical aspect, then the jaw couplet is exaggerated from the horizontal aspect. "The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind is fluttering with catkins, and the life experience is ups and downs, the rain is hitting the rafts." The author uses desolate natural scenes to metaphor the decline of the country's affairs, expressing his grief very deeply. The fate of oneself is closely linked to the future of the country. The lonely ministers of the subjugated country are like rootless duckweeds floating on the water with nothing to rely on. This situation is already miserable enough. And when the author puts the word "rain" on top of "ping", it becomes even more miserable. This "life experience ups and downs" summarizes the author's arduous struggle and rough life. This couplet has neat contrasts, appropriate metaphors, vivid images, and strong emotions. Reading it makes people feel sad! Five or six sentences closely follow the previous meaning and further exaggerate the meaning. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), after Wen Tianxiang's army was defeated by the Yuan soldiers, they retreated to Fujian from the Pankhoutan area. At that time, he faced the sea and was pursued by soldiers. How to survive the dangerous situation and turn defeat into victory was what he was most worried about and feared the most.

Now that the army has been defeated, and as a prisoner, he is being escorted across the Lingding Ocean, how can he not feel lonely? This couplet is particularly full of sentiment. The two emotionally charged place names "Fear Beach" and "Ling Ding Yang" are naturally opposite to each other, and they are used by the author to express his "fear" of yesterday and the "Ling Ding" in front of him. It is really said that A swan song in the history of poetry! In the above six sentences, the author exaggerates the hatred of family and country, hardship and hardship to the extreme, and the sadness gathers to a climax, but the last couplet is opened in one stroke: "Who has never died in life since ancient times? Leave a loyal heart to illuminate history!" With majestic The momentum and high-pitched sentiment wrap up the whole article, showing his national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. The wonderful ending makes the whole story change from sad to strong, from melancholy to uplifting, forming an immortal song. In this sentence, the author speaks directly from his heart, expressing the poet's national integrity of generously dying for the sake of national security. Appreciation of Four In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang fought against the Yuan army in Chaozhou and was captured. When he was passing through Lingtingyang, the Yuan army forced him to surrender the Song army who was defending Yashan. He wrote this poem. The poet made his ambition clear with his poem, showing his high moral integrity and awe-inspiring heroic spirit. "After all the hard work, only a few stars were scattered all around." The poet looked back on his official career and war experience: he was reused by the court because of the imperial examination, and he had spent four spring and autumn years in the desolate and desolate war environment. "Fighting only rarely" here also means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end, and the Southern Song Dynasty is almost destroyed. "The broken mountains and rivers are like catkins fluttering in the wind, and the ups and downs of life are like raindrops." The broken mountains and rivers are like catkins floating in the wind, and the turbulent life is like raindrops. National disasters and personal ups and downs are condensed in these two metaphorical sentences, which means that the fate of the country and individuals is irreversible. "I speak of fear at the beach of fear, and sigh at Lingding in the ocean of loneliness." On the beach of fear where the army was defeated, the poet also worried about his own fate. Now when he passes by the ocean of Lingding, how can he not lament his loneliness and inability to save the country. "Since ancient times, who has not died, and left a picture to illuminate history!" Since ancient times, who in the world can be exempted from death? I just want to leave a brave and loyal heart that will shine in the annals of history forever. This impassioned speech directly expresses the righteousness in the heart, showing the firm belief and high fighting spirit of sacrificing life for righteousness and seeing death as home. Therefore, it has become a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages. Edit the writing characteristics of this paragraph 1. The whole poem summarizes the major events in the author's life, blends narrative and ambition, is generous and sad, and deeply touching. 2. The first six sentences of the poem exaggerate the mood of worry, anger and sorrow, and the last two sentences turn to compose a passionate and generous swan song. This mood change has a shocking and earth-moving effect. Edit the sentence analysis of this paragraph and the first couplet: This poem The first two sentences should be understood together, describing the poet's life experience. The words "hard work" and "solitude" in the first couplet describe the author's feelings about these two things. The "hard work" sentence recalls his early life and all kinds of hardships since he became an official. "Mountains and rivers" sentence: uses duality and metaphorical rhetorical techniques to connect the fate of the country and the fate of the individual, vividly showing the precarious political situation, indicating that the national situation and personal fate are irreversible. "Life experience" refers to life experience. "Ling Ding" sentence: Looking lonely and helpless, lamenting the current situation and being alone and helpless. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. The words "panic" and "lonely" skillfully use two emotional words to express the poet's fear, anxiety and loneliness. Edit this paragraph About the author Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236 - January 9, 1283), Han nationality, was born in Luling, Jizhou (now Qingyuan District, Jiangxi Province). He was a national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty. His first name was Yunsun, with the courtesy name Lushan, and The courtesy name is Song Rui, and his nickname is Wenshan or Fuxiu Taoist. After being selected as a tribute, he changed his name to Tianxiang and changed his name to Lushan. After winning the first prize in the fourth year of Baoyou (1256), he changed his name to Song Rui. Later, because he lived in Wenshan, he was named Wenshan and Fuxiu Taoren. Wen Tianxiang's reputation as a loyal martyr was passed down to future generations. During his capture, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty persuaded him to surrender with a high official and generous salary. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender, and calmly went to justice. His life deeds were praised by later generations, and he, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie were known as the "Three Heroes of the Late Song Dynasty".

Due to the lack of combat experience and strict training, the governor's army was weak in combat effectiveness. Under the fierce impact of the Yuan army's cavalry, it ended in a disastrous defeat. Civil servants and generals were either sacrificed or arrested. Wen Tianxiang's family was left with only three young and old. Although Wen Tianxiang suffered a huge blow from the destruction of his country and his family and the separation of his wife and children, he did not waver in his will to resist the Yuan Dynasty. He led troops into Guangdong and continued to fight against the Yuan Dynasty in Chaozhou and Huizhou. On December 20, the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang was unfortunately captured by a Yuan army that attacked Wupoling. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender to the Yuan army, so he committed suicide by swallowing two ounces of brains (i.e. borneol), but the medicine failed and he failed to die for his country. After Ling Ding Yang, Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty led his land and sea armies directly to Guangdong to completely eliminate the Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile. Wen Tianxiang was escorted by warships to Lingdingyang (now part of Guangdong Province) outside the Pearl River Estuary. Zhang Hongfan sent someone to ask Wen Tianxiang to write a letter to recruit Zhang Shijie to surrender. Of course, Wen Tianxiang refused to write a surrender letter, but he wrote a seven-character poem to express his intentions. This poem is "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" which has been famous for thousands of years. The noble character expressed in the poem "No one has died since ancient times, leaving his loyalty to illuminate history" has become a model for Chinese people for thousands of years. During the decisive battle at Yashan, under the fierce offensive of the Yuan army, the Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile fled to Xiushan (now Hutou Mountain in Humen, Dongguan, Guangdong). At the age of 11, Duanzong became ill due to fright and died of illness in Zhouzhou (now Zhanjiang City, Guangdong). Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu succeeded the 8-year-old King Wei to the throne and moved their court to the mountains in the sea in the south of Xinhui County (map of Guangdong Province). On the sixth day of February in the second year of Xiangxing (1279), the Song and Yuan Dynasties launched a thrilling naval battle on the sea. In the end, the Song army led by Zhang Shijie was defeated, and Lu Xiufu carried the little emperor on his back and crossed the sea to die. After the Battle of Dadu Yashan, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Guangzhou. Zhang Hongfan said to him: "The Song Dynasty was destroyed, and all the loyalty and filial piety were done. Even if he committed suicide, who would record this in the history of the country? Prime Minister Wen turned to serve the Yuan Dynasty as he wished, and he will definitely be reused." Wen Tianxiang replied: "The country has perished. He couldn't be saved. As a minister, he was guilty of death. How could he have second thoughts? In order to make him surrender, the Yuan Dynasty government decided to escort him to Dadu. Edit the main idea of ??this paragraph. This poem is full of sorrow and sorrow, lamenting the fate of the country and himself, and losing his family. The hatred of the country and the hardships and hardships are exaggerated to the extreme, but in the last sentence, it turns from sadness to strength, from depression to elation, bursting out the poem "No one in life has died since ancient times, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history." It is impassioned, resounding, and majestic. The powerful and high-pitched tone shows the poet's national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing life for justice.

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