Confucian thoughts and ideas
Confucianism refers to the thought of Confucian school, which was founded by Confucius, a thinker at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucianism founded by Confucius has formed a complete ideological system on the basis of summarizing, generalizing and inheriting the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Sima Qian said in Historical Records of Confucius' Family: "Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Period because of historical records, and went up to Yin Gong, and eventually lost 12 Gong in 14 years. According to Lu, pro-Zhou, so Yin, three generations of luck. " Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, said: "You can't keep your word" (The Analects of Confucius) is the essence of his own thought.
Confucian philosophy pays attention to people's cultivation and establishes a harmonious relationship with the people around them. Treat your elders with respect and courtesy. Friends are sincere and trustworthy, "keep your word to your friends". Be honest and love the people. Being a man is self-aware and conscientious. "A gentleman is born from the basis of business." . Rulers should be kind and love the people, "governing with morality, like Beichen, living in his place, shared by all the stars." . Treat people with love, "I am young and people are young." I am old, and people are old. ".Be loyal to your boss. "You treat people politely, and I serve you faithfully. "... honor parents and relatives. "Parents, don't travel. ","today's filial piety can be improved. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect, why not? ".Respect knowledge," Listen in the morning and die at night. "He is good at absorbing the strengths of others." Meet Si Qi, meet Si Qi. "Advocate people to achieve the moral realm of gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and compromise.
Before Confucianism, the aristocrats and freemen in ancient society received the traditional socialized education of Liu De (wisdom, faith, holiness, benevolence, righteousness and loyalty), six lines (filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, benevolence and sadness) and six arts (courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics) through Confucianism. From the teaching content, the social education in ancient China was completely based on the values, habits, customs, codes of conduct, norms and other cultural elements formed by the Chinese nation in a specific living environment for a long time. Confucianism absorbed all these cultural elements and rose to the theoretical level of the system.
Confucius, the founder of Confucian school, broke the monopoly of the old ruling class on education for the first time, and changed from "learning in the official" to "teaching without distinction", which spread traditional culture and education to the whole nation. In this way, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, which is accepted by the whole society and gradually Confucianism the whole society. However, Confucianism adheres to the principle that "Tao can't be three generations, and law can't be inferior to king" (Xunzi Wang Zhi).
The connotation of Confucianism is rich and complex, and the feudal imperial power gradually developed basic theories and ideas, namely, the unity of monarch, minister and father, and the distinction between Chinese and foreigners.
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Legalists, I think it is more suitable for marching and fighting to build a country, but after molding, management still needs Confucianism.
Legalist thought is briefly introduced as follows:
Oppose the ritual system
Legalists attach importance to law and oppose Confucian "rites". In their view, the emerging landlord class at that time opposed the hereditary privilege of monopolizing economic and political interests by nobles and demanded private ownership of land, which was a fair and correct proposition. The etiquette system of maintaining aristocratic privileges is backward and unfair.
The role of law
The first function is to "settle disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of things. Shen Dao, one of the legalists, made a very simple analogy: "A rabbit went and a hundred people chased it. Accumulate rabbits in the market and ignore them. No rabbits, no arguments. " A rabbit ran away, and many people chased it, but they didn't look at so many rabbits in the market. It's not that you don't want rabbits, but that the ownership has been determined and you can't argue any more, otherwise you will violate the law and be punished.
The second function is to "make meritorious deeds and fear violence", that is, to encourage people to make meritorious deeds and make those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of prosperity is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the war of annexation.
The theory of human nature of "likes and dislikes"
Legalists believe that all people have the nature of "liking advantages and avoiding disadvantages" or "seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages". As Guan said, a businessman runs around day and night, driving thousands of miles doesn't feel far, because interests attract him ahead. Fishermen are not afraid of difficulties and dangers, and they don't care if they sail against the current for a hundred miles. It is also the pursuit of fishing interests. Based on the same idea, Shang Yang came to the conclusion: "There are likes and dislikes in life, so the people can cure them."
Historical view of "violating the past and not following the present"
Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is developing forward, and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history, neither retrogressive nor conformist. Shang Yang clearly put forward the idea of "violating the past and not following the present". Han Fei further developed Shang Yang's proposition that "time-shifting chaos is difficult to cure", and he satirized the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him.
The general plan of governing the country by combining law, technique and situation
Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai advocated attaching importance to law, potential and technique respectively, each with its own characteristics. When Han Fei, a master of legalism, put forward the idea of combining the three closely. Law refers to perfecting the legal system, and potential refers to the power of the monarch, and it is necessary to monopolize the military and political power. Art refers to the strategies and means of controlling ministers, mastering political power and enforcing laws and regulations. It is mainly to detect and prevent the crime of rebellion and maintain the status of the monarch.
Legalist thought is fundamentally different from the form of democracy and rule of law that we advocate now. The biggest thing is that legalists strongly advocate the centralization of monarchy, and it is absolute. Pay attention to this. We can selectively learn and make use of other legalist ideas.