[ Blog of Jane Guzhai's Chinese Test Paper] collection recommendation

1. Types and usage of punctuation marks

(1) Dot

1. The dot at the end of a sentence

includes three types: period, question mark and exclamation mark, indicating a big pause after a sentence is finished.

(1) period (. )

a period is used at the end of a statement to indicate a pause after the statement is finished. For example,

① People all over the country, especially young people, should seriously study and understand the history of the motherland, especially the history since modern times.

② Please close the door.

we must go back today.

④ class is over.

No matter how long the sentence is, as long as the structure is complete and the meaning is independent, a period should be used after the sentence. Imperative sentences with soothing tone (such as Example ②), declarative sentences with emphasis (such as Example ③), and sometimes sentences without a subject (such as Example ④) also use a period when expressing the declarative mood.

(2) question mark (? )

a question mark is used at the end of a sentence to indicate a questioning tone. For example,

Why did you come back so late today?

who is he? Where did you come from?

When using question marks, we should pay attention to the following points:

① Both rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions are asked without doubt. The former only asks without answering, and the definite meaning to be expressed is contained in the question; The latter asks himself and answers himself in order to attract the reader's attention, but both of them are interrogative, so they all use question marks at the end of the sentence. For example,

When the war was fierce, didn't we walk back and forth in the fields looking for weeds?

who created the human world? It's us working people.

② Although the choice question contains two or more choices, it is still a complete sentence, expressing complete meaning, so only a question mark is not used in the sentence, and commas are used between the items in the sentence; But sometimes in order to emphasize the independence of each option, you can also use a question mark after each item. For example,

Did she become a beggar when she went out from her fourth uncle's house, or did she go to the old lady's house first and then become a beggar?

are you going to invigilate tomorrow, or should I?

standing in front of them and leading them? Or stand behind them and criticize them? Or stand on the opposite side of people and oppose them?

③ Some imperative sentences expressing euphemistic mood can also be ended with question marks.

Would you please move the stool a little?

will you come here?

④ In some questions, the subject and predicate are inverted, so we should pay attention to putting the question mark at the end of the sentence. For example:

What's the matter with you?

⑤ Although some sentences contain interrogative words (who, what, how, etc.), they don't really ask questions, but express a declarative tone, so a period should be applied.

I don't know who he will meet at the station.

I'm fine, but I don't know what people think.

(3) exclamation point (! )

The exclamation point indicates the pause at the end of a sentence with strong feelings.

① indicates the pause at the end of the exclamatory sentence. For example,

once you take root, you are not afraid of being trampled and trampled, but you can still get up again and again and blossom a dandelion with small flowers!

Sing for the return of Hong Kong!

② The tone is very heavy, and exclamations are also used in strong imperative sentences. For example:

Sister Xianglin, just leave it!

③ A rhetorical question with strong tone is followed by an exclamation point. For example:

There is nothing in the world that does not contain contradictions!

④ Exclamation marks can be used for single sentences with strong tone, non-subject predicate sentences and exclamations with strong feelings. For example:

long distance!

the plane!

ouch! You're going the wrong way.

⑤ After address forms, response words and onomatopoeia, and at the end of slogans, if there is strong feeling, exclamation marks are also used.

2. The dot

in a sentence includes four kinds: comma, semicolon, pause and colon, indicating the pause and structural relationship in the sentence.

(1) A comma (,)

indicates a pause in the middle of a sentence.

① In complex sentences, commas are often used inside clauses or between clauses. For example,

Although the so-called reminiscers can make people happy, sometimes they can't help being lonely. What's the point of making the spiritual thread still hold the lonely time that has passed away? But I am partial to being unable to forget it all. This part that I can't forget completely has become the source of Scream.

② When the subject of the sentence (complex phrase as the subject) is long, or the subject is short but needs to be emphasized, or there are modal particles after the subject, a comma should be used after the subject. For example,

This great blow and unspeakable grief almost knocked Wu Jichang down.

He is our head teacher, Miss Liu.

you are really disappointing.

③ The sentence predicate is a subject-predicate phrase, and the subject sometimes pauses, so use commas. For example:

This stereotyped foreign writing has long been opposed by Lu Xun.

④ When the sentence object is long, use a comma before it.

as I remember, she was a little girl who was not sensible at that time.

⑤ The adverbial is at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma is used after the adverbial. For example,

In the blink of an eye, four piles of firewood on the hilltop are ready!

⑥ used between inversion sentence elements.

come out, you!

around the lotus pond, there are many trees, which are in full bloom.

Our motherland is leaping forward at a high speed, along the road of victory. (adverbial postposition)

⑦ used between coordinate phrases. For example,

Tongmuling, Huang Yangjie, Zhushachong, Bamian Mountain and Shuangmashi are the five outposts of Jinggangshan.

Pencils, erasers, electronic calculators, compasses, and plastic triangular rulers of all sizes occupy half a desk. (Because some of the juxtaposed components are long, there is a big pause)

Rice, wheat, cotton, chemical fertilizer, oil and coal are all materials that are purchased and sold by the state. (Because there are different levels between items, commas are used to distinguish different levels of juxtaposition, and pause is used to indicate the juxtaposition of various components in the same level)

⑧ Used after related words.

He doesn't work very hard now, but he has made considerable progress compared with before.

⑨ Some special components in a sentence are usually separated from other components by commas. For example,

Lao Li, our monitor, went to Beijing to receive an award yesterday. (apposition)

What kind of class, to be more exact, what kind of class position, what kind of ideal. (parenthesis)

(2) semicolon.

① indicates the pause between coordinate clauses in a complex sentence. For example:

this style, if you discipline yourself, you will harm yourself; If you teach others, you will harm others; If you take it to guide the revolution, it will harm the revolution.

② Semicolons are sometimes used in multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relations. For example:

Chinese citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law. (turning point)

If you use a comma in this sentence, it will be difficult to distinguish between the two meanings. If you use a period, it will cut off the coherent meaning, so use a semicolon. For example,

told me long ago, "Sir, I'd better write a little; Liu Hezhen loved reading his husband's articles before his death. " (used in causal sentences to express two meanings)

Several points to be paid attention to when using semicolons:

① Single sentence parallelism requires momentum, and commas are generally used instead of semicolons. For example,

Treat comrades as warm as spring, work as hot as summer, individualism as autumn wind sweeps away leaves, and enemies as cruel as winter.

② coordinate relative sentences, and use commas instead of semicolons for shorter clauses. For example,

Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and Li Ping was admitted to a secondary technical school.

(3) The pause (,)

indicates the smallest pause in a sentence, which is often used between juxtaposed words or phrases. For example,

(field leader) introduced us to the skins of wild animals that Dong Kun and his team fought: foxes, boxes, Yao, Shui Lai, wild cats ... There are quite a few kinds.

① If there are conjunctions "and", "and", "and", "or" or "in the coordinate words, there is no need to use pause. ("He" conjunctions are generally used between coordinate words with only two items or between the last two items of multiple coordinate words. )

② If there are parallel words in the parallel words, use commas for large parallel words and pause between small parallel words. For example:

The explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and the launch and recovery of artificial satellites mark that the development of science and technology in China has reached a new level.

③ coordinate as predicate and complement, and use comma instead of pause between coordinate words. For example,

you should make continuous progress, be literate and produce.

this story is true and moving.

(4) Some coordinate words don't pause or pause slightly, and don't have ambiguity. At this time, there is no need to add pause in the middle. For example,

This is totally irrelevant.

(4) Colon (:)

① Used after the address forms at the beginning of letters and speeches, it has the meaning of attracting others' attention; Used after "so-and-so" to indicate that the following words are quoted.

(2) is used after a general statement, indicating that it needs to be explained separately or that the words before a colon cause the words later. For example,

there are several kinds of spinning postures: you can spin on a futon, you can spin on a low stool, and you can spin with the spinning wheel set high.

③ used at the end of a prompt, indicating that there is something to say, something to think or an analysis made later. For example:

I think: Hope is nothing, nothing.

④ used before explanatory remarks. For example,

... Marx discovered the development law of human history, that is, a simple fact that has always been concealed by complicated ideologies: people must first eat, drink, live and wear, and then ...

⑤ used in front of the general phrase to express the summary above. For example:

Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry; Li Chong entered a secondary technical school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing; I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future. (The colon is used before the general discourse)

The prompt function of the colon should be played to the end of the sentence, that is, the colon should be managed to the end of the sentence, not just to the sentence. If you want to manage a few words or a paragraph, you should generally use ordinal words or quotation marks to indicate it. For example:

... Party discipline must be reiterated: (1) individuals obey the collective; (2) the minority is subordinate to the majority; (3) subordinates obey superiors; (4) The whole Party obeys the Central Committee.

He went on to say, "There have been heavy rains here recently. Mom has gone to Beijing. Xiaohong went to high school. "

Attention should be paid to the use of colons:

Use "xx Shuo" and the like before the quotation, and use colons; Between quotations, with commas; Put a period after the quotation. For example,

He was very surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"

"comrades!" The secretary of the district party Committee said, "The 34 people on this registration form of party member in the whole district are all here except Comrade Lao Zhao and Comrade Huang Shuying, except the traitor Huang Youcai."

"Unfortunately, the store is full." The proprietress said apologetically.

(II) Labels

Labels mainly indicate the nature and function of sentences, including quotation marks, dashes, brackets, ellipsis, bullets, book titles, hyphens and special numbers.

(1) The quotation mark ("")

① indicates a direct quotation, for example,

It reminds people of Du Fu's poem: "Mountains go to the gate of punishment, and the village in which the Lady of Light was born and bred".

② stands for emphasis. For example,

contract workers have no freedom to "do" or "not do".

③ means irony and negation. For example:

Do you want it to remain immortal? Several "kind" bosses went to the market to collect some leaves and dip them in salt. This is their rare delicacy.

④ indicates a specific title. For example,

"Lu Chai Bang" is anxious to boil the porridge in the cauldron.

⑤ Sometimes used to quote idioms, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, etc. For example:

"Like a bath spring breeze", well, it's a refreshing spring breeze!

attention should be paid to the use of quotation marks:

① When there is a quotation within a quotation, double quotation marks should be used for the outer layer and single quotation marks for the inner layer; if there is a quotation within a single quotation mark, double quotation marks should be used, and so on. For example,

(an old lady) went on to explain, "When harvesting beans and sweet potatoes, fill them with proper fertilizer. Meat is fragrant and oily. As the saying goes,' eight pounds of meat and seven pounds of oil'. "

② If the quotation forms a sentence independently with complete meaning, put the dot at the end of the sentence in quotation marks. For example,

I think of a poem by Jia Dao in the Tang Dynasty: "but toward which corner of the mountain, how can I tell, through all these clouds?."

③ The quotation is incomplete or it is a part of one's own words. In this case, the dot at the end of the sentence (except the question mark exclamation) is placed outside the back quotation mark. For example,

When writing an article, it is necessary to "see the strangeness in plain words, the danger in common words, the novelty in old words and the color in plain words".

④ If there are several paragraphs in the quotation, a front quotation mark should be used at the beginning of each paragraph, and a back quotation mark should not be used until the end of the last paragraph.

⑤ If you only say the general idea of what others say, and don't quote it as it is, then don't use quotation marks.

(2) A dash (——)

① indicates that the dash is followed by an explanation. For example,

The foreman or handyman is standing lazily in front of the main entrance-like the wooden fence at the ticket cutting place of the railway station, holding stacks of rosters.

② indicates progressive meaning. For example,

Every year, especially in times of floods and droughts, these porters who have connections in Japanese factories ...

③ indicate a change of meaning, a jump or a turning point. For example,

"What a delicious dry-did you hear the wind?" Zhao Qiye stood behind the seven catties and said opposite the seven catties' sister-in-law.

I didn't want to go, but my mother-in-law insisted that I visit him again-what's the point!

④ indicates the prolongation of speech. For example,

We call affectionately in front of Tiananmen Square: Zhou-Zong-Li

⑤ indicates a big pause or interruption in speech. For example:

Lu Daiping: Relatives?

Zhou Puyuan: Well, we want to repair her grave.

⑥ means to summarize the above. For example,

make trouble, fail, make trouble again, fail again, and perish-this is the logic of imperialism and all reactionaries in the world in treating the people's cause, and they will never violate this logic.

⑦ used before the subtitle. For example:

burning at the stake-the enumeration and sharing of events in memory of giordano bruno

⑧. For example,

in the past five years, with the promotion of reform and opening up, China's national economy has developed continuously, and the overall situation is very good.

-the economic strength of the country continues to be significantly enhanced

-the major proportional relationship of the national economy further tends to be coordinated, and the macroeconomic benefits have been improved.

-the living standards of urban and rural people have been further improved.

(3) Parentheses (())

Parentheses indicate the notes in the text. The comments in brackets are relatively broad, without specific restrictions, and generally do not need to be read. For example:

① The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.

② He cultivated.