Origin of the name: Plato was originally named Aristotle, but why was it renamed Plato? Tracing back to the source, Aristole grew up with a strong body, big chest and wide shoulders. So the PE teacher named him Plato, which means "broad" in Greek. Later, Plato's name was extended and has been popular ever since. Plato and Aristotle of Athens Academy
Plato was born in Athens, and his mother was descended from Solon, an Athenian lawmaker. He studied under Socrates when he was young. After Sue's death, she traveled around the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize her noble political ideal. After the failure of the activity in 387 BC, he fled back to Athens, established a college near a gymnasium called Academie, and taught there for 40 years until his death. He has written a lot in his life, and his teaching thoughts are mainly concentrated in two chapters: The Republic (also translated as the National Chapter) and the Law Chapter. Plato is the founder of western objective idealism, and his philosophical system is extensive and profound, which has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato believes that the world consists of "the world of ideas" and "the world of phenomena". The conceptual world is real and eternal, and the real world that human senses come into contact with is only a faint shadow of the conceptual world, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon presents temporary changes due to factors such as time and space. Based on this, Plato put forward the epistemology of idealism and memory as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory. Plato believes that all human knowledge comes from talent, and it exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, knowledge is not the feeling of the world material, but the memory of the conceptual world. The purpose of teaching is to restore people's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is the process of "recalling" ideas. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the understanding of universality and generality, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability, and believed that concepts and truth were the products of pure thinking. At the same time, he believes that students can recall the conceptual world through the shadow of the conceptual world in the phenomenal world, and acknowledge the stimulating effect of feeling in cognition. He particularly emphasized the role of early education and environment in children. It is believed that the things that children come into contact with in childhood have a permanent influence on him, and the teaching process should arouse students' memory through the perceptual inspiration of specific things and reproduce the inherent conceptual knowledge in the soul through reflection and thinking. In this respect, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism. Plato's teaching system is pyramidal. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. He divided students into several age stages according to their psychological characteristics and gave them different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. Children aged 3-6 engage in stories, games, singing and other activities on the playground. After the age of 6, children enter primary schools to receive primary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted Athens' educational thought of exercising with gymnastics and cultivating harmonious development of mind with music, arranged simple reading, writing, calculation and singing for children, and also attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training projects. 17 A 20-year-old young man went to China Everbright to receive military education, and studied cultural subjects in combination with military needs, mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. 20-30 years old, after strict selection, 10 years of science education, focusing on developing young people's thinking ability, continuing to learn "four subjects" and understanding the relationship between natural sciences. After I was 30 years old, I studied philosophy for five years after further choice. At this point, Plato's relatively complete pyramid teaching system has been formed. According to its teaching purpose, Bertrand absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical education curriculum of Sparta, and also summarized the teaching practice experience of Athens. He first put forward "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) in the history of education, and then it became the backbone and guiding source of the ancient Greek curriculum system, dominating European secondary and higher education 1500 years. Plato believes that every subject has its unique function, and all learning will contribute to the development of character. /kloc-before the age of 0/7, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens, and for future philosophers, the above subjects are essential knowledge preparation for learning dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of learning philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's analytical ability and thinking ability: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for sailing, marching, observing the climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate soldiers' courage and noble moral sentiments. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics and so on. So as to meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development. As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato followed Socrates' question and answer method, and regarded the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed to instilling knowledge by force, and advocated asking questions in the form of questions and answers, exposing contradictions, then analyzing, summarizing, synthesizing and judging, and finally drawing a conclusion. Rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "meditation" many times, and thought that only through reflection and meditation can the knowledge about rationality be truly integrated, thus drawing inferences from one another. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena and cannot be a tool to acquire ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to unify their thinking, combine learning with thinking, reach from one idea to another, and finally return to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightening, inspiring and inducing students to enter this realm, so that they can "suddenly be enlightened" and enjoy "rational joy" after "thinking hard". This is similar to Socrates' midwifery. Plato
Plato's teaching thought involves almost all the important methods in the field of teaching. He was the first to define the basic division of psychology and make it closely related to teaching. He inherited and developed Sparta's teaching theory of dividing teaching stages according to age characteristics, summarized and adopted Athens' experience in the specific content, form, methods and means of teaching, and put forward a comprehensive and harmonious curriculum system. He attached great importance to the development of students' thinking ability in teaching and emphasized the discussion of the nature of things, which had great influence and enlightenment on later educators. However, Plato exaggerated the significance of rational development in teaching. The teaching process that he advocates to know through recollection and meditation reflects his idealistic tendency in knowing knowledge. In particular, his thought of absolutizing and isolating reason and opposing feeling and reason became the theoretical basis of dogmatic teaching method of medieval scholasticism. He has a famous saying: not knowing your ignorance is a double ignorance.
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home environment
It is generally speculated that Plato was born in May or February in 427 BC or 428 BC (like other early western philosophers, his date of birth is still unknown). Plato was born into a wealthy aristocratic family. His father is Ali Si Tong and his mother is Periken. He is the fourth child in the family. His family claimed to be a descendant of the ancient king of Athens, and he was also the nephew of Chrittia, a famous politician in Athens at that time, but the relationship between them is still controversial. According to Diogenēs Laertius, Plato's original name was Stals, and later he was called Plato because of his strong body (in Greek, the word Platus means "flat and broad"). However, Diogenes also made other suggestions. The name Plato may also come from his fluent eloquence or because he has a broad forehead. Because of Plato's excellent learning ability and other talents, the ancient Greeks also praised him as the son of Apollo, and said that when Plato was a baby, bees stayed on his lips, which made his eloquence so sweet and smooth.
Academic life
Plato
Plato initially intended to inherit the family tradition and go into politics, but later the situation changed. In the war with Sparta, Athenian democracy failed, and then the "Thirty Tyrants" came to power. The "thirty tyrants" were replaced by a new representative government in turn. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death. Plato was completely disappointed with the existing regime, so he began to travel around Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Cyrene and other places for knowledge. At the age of 40 (about 387 BC), he returned to Athens after a trip and founded his own school, Academie, in the holy city of Akkadmi, a northwest suburb outside Athens. Academie became one of the earliest well-organized institutions of higher learning in western civilization, hence its name as the later academic institution, and it was also the predecessor of the developed universities in the Middle Ages. Akkadmi is named after its location, which used to be the residence of the legendary Greek hero demos. The college existed for more than 900 years until it was closed by Justinian the Great in 529 AD. The college is greatly influenced by Pythagoras, and its curriculum is similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras school, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics. It is said that Plato erected a monument at the entrance of the academy: "Those who don't know geometry are not allowed to enter". The college has trained many intellectuals, the most outstanding of which is Aristotle.
The source of thought
In addition to Homer, Plato was also influenced by many writers and thinkers before this, including the concept of "harmony" put forward by Pythagoras, and Anaxagoras's teaching that Socrates should take mind or reason as the basis for judging anything; Parmenides's theory of connecting everything may also have influenced Plato's concept of soul.
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28-year growth period:
Plato
Plato was born in 427 BC (the first year of the 88th Olympic Games), with a distinguished family background. This year was the fourth year after the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War and the second year after Pericles's death. Socrates was 42 years old (gorgias, a Sicilian Leontini, came to Athens for help and told Syracuse to invade his state). In 423 BC, 4-year-old aristophanes's Cloud was staged, and Socrates was present to watch. He appeared on the spot with a cold attitude. 42 BC1year 6 years old, it is said that it was the time (or time) when the Republic occurred. At the age of seven in 420 BC, he entered Dionysus school, became literate and listened to Homer's poems. At the age of 1 1 BC, protagoras was accused by a gathering of 400 people, which made people disbelieve. He escaped from Athens and was killed on his way to Sicily (Anaxagoras, Pythagoras and Heraclitus were all former philosophers who were persecuted or expelled, executed or voluntarily exiled). In 409-404 BC, it was estimated that cavalry was on duty, and it was said that he had participated in three battles. In 408 BC, gorgias delivered a speech at the 93rd Olympia Games, calling on Athens and Sparta to unite against Persia. In 407 BC, at the age of 20, he studied with Socrates and had previously studied Heraclitus philosophy with Kratylos. Learn parmenides's philosophy from Hermes. It is said that I tried to write a play for Socrates, but it was rejected. In 405 BC, Syracuse Dionysus overthrew democracy and established a tyrant regime. At the age of 23 in 404 BC, the Peloponnesian War ended, and Athens was 30 tyrants. Plato wanted to go into politics, but he was disappointed. At the age of 28 in 399 BC, Socrates was tried (Plato was present) and executed. He died of illness (how sad? )。
Study tour 12 years
In 398 BC, Plato and other Socrates' disciples left Athens to take refuge in other places and went to Sicily, Italy and Egypt. He was 35 years old in 392 BC. Before and after this, he wrote early dialogues: Complaint, Clayton, Yusuf Fallon, Rasis, Lucius and Tchami Diss. Isocratus opened a school in Athens to teach public speaking. The visit in 390 BC: the political power held by Pythagoras school, etc. In 388 BC, he visited Dionysus I, the ancient wine god of Syracuse, met Dion, his brother-in-law (son-in-law), who was 20 years old at that time, and became close friends (in the meantime, it is said that he offended the tyrant, was sold as a slave, and was redeemed by Anne Sherris). Third, at the age of 40 in 387 BC, he returned to Athens to give lectures in person, or set up an academy in this year, and wrote dialogues before and after: protagoras, MINO and eustace. Mid-term works: The Republic, Drinking, Fidel, Fedo and other most dramatic dialogues. In 385 BC (see Chen Biao: the case of Socrates was rehabilitated: the accused was sentenced to death and a statue of Socrates was erected, but it was not necessarily true. Tao Xingzhi 1938 visited the Stone Prison in Athens, sat for five minutes to show his admiration, and wrote a poem "Why is this old man in prison?" Happy to tell the truth, dummies are troubled, "Du Ru's series and Ye Xiushan's articles all talked about this). In 384 BC, 43-year-old Aristotle was born and Demosthenes was born. Around 380 BC, an academy was established in the pottery area in the northwest suburb of Athens. "Scholars who don't understand geometry entered this door. Gorgias died in 376 BC. In 37 1 BC, Thebes army defeated Sparta under the command of Epaminondas. Democritus died in 370 BC. It is said that Plato tried to buy his books and set them on fire. Fourth, the last political attempt, speech and writing in his later years: 20 years (or it can be divided into two sections: politics and writing). At the age of 60 in 367 BC, he handed over the academy to Auddock Suo and came to Syracuse for the second time with his disciples and friends. After Dionysus's death, when Dion was regent, Plato was already a household name in Greece, and Aristotle came to Athens to study (it is said that Aristotle was the only one who listened). At the age of 64 in 363 BC, he went to Syracuse for the third time, was detained and deported. In 357 BC, at the age of 70, he gave up political activities and concentrated on writing. His later works include: The Wise Man, The Politician, Philip and Timio. Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC. In 348 BC, his last work was Law and Epinem's sequel, and he died at the beginning. In the spring of 347 BC (March? ) After his death, the testamentary property will be used as a school building, and it is not allowed to be sold or transferred. Leave four slaves and release one slave, with little property. In 344-343 BC, Dionysus II was finally overthrown and Aristotle became Alexander's teacher.
Comparison of Confucius (55 1-479)
15-30 years old, junior official, "work-study program" period: 15 years old, 30-50 years old, devoted to the semester, 34 years old, giving lectures: 20 years old, 5 1-54 years old, and then Shi Lu, as a shepherd, with a political period of 4 years.
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Three stages of writing
Plato's works can be divided into three stages: 1. Dialogue of Socrates in the early stage II. In the mature stage, including Republic 3. In the later stage, including the law.
Introduction of works
Plato was quick-thinking, widely read and wrote a lot. There are more than 40 works handed down in his name, 13. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogues, there are many dialogues in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish Socrates' thoughts from Plato's. After painstaking and meticulous research by later scholars, 24 and 4 of them were identified as original works. Mainly: Epicurus, Socrates' Debate, Clerides, Phaedo, Katyras, titus, Politician III, parmenides, Filipas, Feast, Fidel IV and archibald. Plato's The Forgery of the State and The Death of Socrates are also of great academic significance. The following works are considered as works entrusted by later generations: Minos, erich as, Teachis, Clayto Fen and Lover. Most of Plato's works are dialogue genres, and the characters are all. The language is beautiful and gorgeous, the argument is rigorous and meticulous, and the content is rich and profound, which has achieved a high degree of unity between philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, and has extremely important significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature. At present, the complete works of Plato (four volumes) are widely used, published by People's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao.