I am reposting it, I don’t know if it will be of much use to you, haha!
(1) Determine the topic and select materials
1. Establish the topic according to the nature and purpose of the speech activity
The so-called topic is the central topic of the speech. The writing of the speech must be carried out on a specific issue that has social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance, otherwise, it will be aimless.
Speakers always choose topics based on the nature and purpose of their speeches. If you are invited to give an academic lecture, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information you have mastered. Such topics are the most academic. If you are giving a speech at an ideological and educational speech event, you should express your opinions on the freshest phenomena in reality and the issues that the audience is most concerned about. Even campaign speeches and inaugural speeches must be able to grasp the audience's ideals and wishes when selecting topics.
2. Select materials based on the speech topic and audience conditions
Materials are the flesh and blood of a speech, so the selection and use of materials is an important part of the speech writing process.
First, select materials around the theme. The theme is the ideological point of view of the speech and the purpose of the speech. Material is the basis for the formation of the theme and the pillar for expressing the theme. The ideological viewpoints of the speech must be supported by materials, and the materials must be able to fully express the theme and strongly support the theme. Therefore, any material that can fully explain, highlight, and highlight the theme should be selected; otherwise, it should be discarded, and the unity of material and viewpoint must be achieved. In addition, you should also choose novel, typical, and real materials to make the theme more profound and powerful.
Secondly, the selection of materials must also take into account the audience's situation. The political quality, social status, cultural upbringing, and psychological needs of the audience all have a restrictive effect on speeches. Therefore, the materials chosen should be as close to the lives of the audience as possible, so that they are not only easy to understand, but also interesting to listen to. Generally speaking, speeches to young people should be vivid and interesting, and make sense, and try to choose people they admire and sensational things as examples; speeches to workers and farmers should be lively, humorous, popular and simple, and give as many examples as possible The people around them and the things that happened among them serve as examples. For speeches by intellectuals, the materials used must pay attention to the cultural level.
(2) Carefully arrange the beginning, main body and end
Speeches of different types and content have different structures, but the basic form of the structure is It consists of three parts: beginning, main body and end. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
1. The beginning should be preemptive and attractive
The beginning of the speech, also called the opening statement, is like the "town hall" at the beginning of a drama and occupies an important position in the entire article.
The main ways to start are as follows:
T Get straight to the point and show the main idea.
This kind of opening does not make any detours, goes straight to the topic, and puts forward your point of view clearly and clearly. For example, in 1941 Liebknecht's "Statement on Opposition to Military Appropriations in the German Reichstag" began: "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons:".
T Narrate the facts and explain the background
Reporting some new facts to the audience at the beginning is easier to attract people's attention and attract the audience to listen. For example, at the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 1941: "The treacherous military attack launched by Hitler's Germany against our motherland on June 22 is continuing. Although the Red Army put up a heroic resistance, although the enemy's elite divisions and their elite air force have been routed and buried on the battlefield, but the enemy has brought in fresh troops from the front and continues to advance... Our motherland is facing serious danger."
Traises questions and is thought-provoking
By asking questions, the audience is guided to think about a question, thereby creating suspense and arousing the audience's expectation to know the answer.
For example, Qu Xiao's "Life·Ideal·Pursuit" begins like this: "How should a person treat his youth? I want to talk to you about my situation here."
T Quote Aphorisms, leading to the following content
Quoting profound and thought-provoking aphorisms, leading to the following content. For example, a college student's speech titled "My Thinking and Rising" begins with a wonderful line: "If a person has never been confused in his life, then he has never thought."
The beginning There are still some methods, so I won’t list them all one by one. In short, no matter what form of opening is used, it must be first-in-class and attractive.
2. The main part of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step.
The main body of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step. The so-called climax is the most exciting and exciting passage in the speech. In terms of writing the main part, you should persuade the audience step by step theoretically, attract the audience step by step with the content, and infect the audience step by step emotionally. It is necessary to carefully arrange the structural levels, to deepen each layer, to interlock with each other, and to reach the climax naturally.
There are three ways to expand the main part:
T parallel type.
The parallel style is centered around the central argument of the speech, expressed from different angles and different sides. Its structural form is radially spread out on all sides, just like the axle and its spokes of a wheel. And each side directly faces the central argument and proves the central argument.
T progressive.
That is, starting from the surface, shallow layers, and adopting the method of deepening step by step and advancing layer by layer, and finally revealing the profound theme, just like peeling off bamboo shoots layer by layer. Using this method to arrange the structural level of the speech can make things get an in-depth explanation and proof from the outside to the inside.
T parallel progressive combination.
This kind of structure either contains progression within juxtaposition, or contains juxtaposition within progression. This method is often used in some majestic speeches.
3． The ending should be crisp, concise and powerful
The end of the speech is the inevitable result of the development of the main content. The ending can be a summary, a sublimation, a hope, or a call to action. There are many ways. A good ending should wrap up the entire article, show the final chapter's ambition, be crisp, concise and powerful, and avoid superfluous things or extraneous matters.
Model 1
The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln
87 years ago, our forefathers founded the A new nation, conceived in liberty and committed to the principle that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war that will test whether this nation, or any nation conceived with liberty and dedicated to these principles, can long endure.
We meet on one of the great battlefields of this war. We gather here to dedicate a portion of that battlefield as a final resting place for the martyrs who gave their lives that this nation might survive. It is entirely appropriate and appropriate for us to do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not deify, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who fought here have consecrated this land more than our feeble power can add or detract from.
The world will seldom notice, nor long remember, what we say here today, but the world will never forget what they did here.
Rather, we who are still alive should be here to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished work that the brave men have so nobly advanced.
Rather, we should devote ourselves here to the great task that still remains before us, so that we may draw from these glorious dead more devotion to the cause to which they had completely and utterly devoted their lives; that we may We here make the utmost determination that these dead shall not die in vain; that the nation may, under the blessing of God, receive a new life of freedom. And make this government of the people, by the people, and for the people endure forever.
Sample Essay 2
An impromptu speech on Christmas in the United States
Churchill
(December 20, 1944 4th)
Dear workers and soldiers fighting for freedom:
My friend, the great and outstanding President Roosevelt, has just delivered a Christmas Eve speech and has given A loving tribute from families across America. Now that I can follow Ji Wei and say a few words, I feel infinitely honored.
Although I am far away from my family and motherland today to celebrate the festival here, I don’t feel like a foreign country at all. I don’t know if this is because my mother’s bloodline is the same as yours, or because of the friendship I have gained here over the years, or because these two countries with the same writing, the same beliefs, and the same ideals are fighting together in the world. The comradeship feelings generated by the relationship may be due to the combination of the above three relationships. In short, I spent the holidays in Washington, the political center of the United States, and I didn’t feel like a foreigner at all. There is a sense of brotherhood between you and me, and coupled with your kindness in welcoming me, I feel that I should sit by the fireside with you *** and enjoy the joy of Christmas together.
But this year’s Christmas Eve is a strange Christmas Eve. Because the entire world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, killing each other using the terrifying weapons that science can devise. If we are not convinced that we have no malicious intentions towards other countries’ territory and wealth, no ambition to seize materials, and no despicable thoughts, then our Christmas this year will definitely be very sad.
Although the frenzy of war is raging everywhere, making us terrified, today, every family is celebrating the festival in a quiet and solemn atmosphere. Tonight, we can temporarily put aside our fears and worries and arrange a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking families all over the world should turn tonight into a bright and peaceful little world, so that the children can enjoy this good night as much as possible, so that they can be happy because they have received the gift from their parents, and at the same time, we can also enjoy this kind of freedom. Then we take on the arduous task of next year, at all costs, so that the inheritance that our children should inherit will not be deprived by others; so that the free life they should have in the civilized world will not be destroyed by others. . So, with God's blessing, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.
| 2006-11-11 17:41:25 Sat | Read (800) times
(1) Determine the topic and select materials
1. Establish the topic according to the nature and purpose of the speech activity
The so-called topic is the central topic of the speech. The writing of the speech must be carried out on a specific issue that has social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance, otherwise, it will be aimless.
Speakers always choose topics based on the nature and purpose of their speeches. If you are invited to give an academic lecture, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information you have mastered. Such topics are the most academic. If you are giving a speech at an ideological and educational speech event, you should express your opinions on the freshest phenomena in reality and the issues that the audience is most concerned about. Even campaign speeches and inaugural speeches must be able to grasp the audience's ideals and wishes when selecting topics.
2. Select materials based on the speech topic and audience conditions
Materials are the flesh and blood of a speech, so the selection and use of materials is an important part of the speech writing process.
First, select materials around the theme. The theme is the ideological point of view of the speech and the purpose of the speech.
Material is the basis for the formation of the theme and the pillar for expressing the theme. The ideological viewpoints of the speech must be supported by materials, and the materials must be able to fully express the theme and strongly support the theme. Therefore, any material that can fully explain, highlight, and highlight the theme should be selected; otherwise, it should be discarded, and the unity of material and viewpoint must be achieved. In addition, you should also choose novel, typical, and real materials to make the theme more profound and powerful.
Secondly, the selection of materials must also take into account the audience's situation. The political quality, social status, cultural upbringing, and psychological needs of the audience all have a restrictive effect on speeches. Therefore, the materials chosen should be as close to the lives of the audience as possible, so that they are not only easy to understand, but also interesting to listen to. Generally speaking, speeches to young people should be vivid and interesting, and make sense, and try to choose people they admire and sensational things as examples; speeches to workers and farmers should be lively, humorous, popular and simple, and give as many examples as possible The people around them and the things that happened among them serve as examples. For speeches by intellectuals, the materials used must pay attention to the cultural level.
(2) Carefully arrange the beginning, main body and end
Speeches of different types and content have different structures, but the basic form of the structure is It consists of three parts: beginning, main body and end. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
1. The beginning should be preemptive and attractive
The beginning of the speech, also called the opening statement, is like the "town hall" at the beginning of a drama and occupies an important position in the entire article.
The main ways to start are as follows:
T Get straight to the point and show the main idea.
This kind of opening does not make any detours, goes straight to the topic, and puts forward your point of view clearly and clearly. For example, in 1941 Liebknecht's "Statement on Opposition to Military Appropriations in the German Reichstag" began: "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons:".
T Narrate the facts and explain the background
Reporting some new facts to the audience at the beginning is easier to attract people's attention and attract the audience to listen. For example, at the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 1941: "The treacherous military attack launched by Hitler's Germany against our motherland on June 22 is continuing. Although the Red Army put up a heroic resistance, although the enemy's elite divisions and their elite air force have been routed and buried on the battlefield, but the enemy has brought in fresh troops from the front and continues to advance... Our motherland is facing serious danger."
Traises questions and is thought-provoking
By asking questions, the audience is guided to think about a question, thereby creating suspense and arousing the audience's expectation to know the answer. For example, Qu Xiao's "Life·Ideal·Pursuit" begins like this: "How should a person treat his youth? I want to talk to you about my situation here."
T Quote Aphorisms, leading to the following content
Quoting profound and thought-provoking aphorisms, leading to the following content. For example, a college student's speech titled "My Thinking and Rising" begins with a wonderful line: "If a person has never been confused in his life, then he has never thought."
The beginning There are still some methods, so I won’t list them all one by one. In short, no matter what form of opening is used, it must be first-in-class and attractive.
2. The main part of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step.
The main body of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step. The so-called climax is the most exciting and exciting passage in the speech. In terms of writing the main part, you should persuade the audience step by step theoretically, attract the audience step by step with the content, and infect the audience step by step emotionally. It is necessary to carefully arrange the structural levels, to deepen each layer, to interlock with each other, and to reach the climax naturally.
There are three ways to expand the main part:
T parallel type.
The parallel style is centered around the central argument of the speech, expressed from different angles and different sides. Its structural form is radially spread out on all sides, just like the axle and its spokes of a wheel. And each side directly faces the central argument and proves the central argument.
T progressive.
That is, starting from the surface and shallow layers, taking a step-by-step approach to deepening and advancing layer by layer, and finally revealing the profound theme, just like peeling off bamboo shoots layer by layer. Using this method to arrange the structural level of the speech can make things get an in-depth explanation and proof from the outside to the inside.
T parallel progressive combination.
This kind of structure either contains progression within juxtaposition, or contains juxtaposition within progression. This method is often used in some majestic speeches.
3. The ending should be crisp, concise and powerful
The end of the speech is the inevitable result of the development of the main content. The ending can be a summary, a sublimation, a hope, or a call to action. There are many ways. A good ending should wrap up the whole article, show the final chapter's ambition, be crisp, concise and powerful, and avoid superfluous things or extraneous matters.
Model 1
The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln
87 years ago, our forefathers founded the A new nation, conceived in liberty and committed to the principle that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war that will test whether this nation, or any nation conceived with liberty and dedicated to these principles, can long endure.
We meet on one of the great battlefields of this war. We gather here to dedicate a portion of that battlefield as a final resting place for the martyrs who gave their lives that this nation might survive. It is completely appropriate and appropriate for us to do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not deify, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who fought here have consecrated this land far above our feeble power to add or detract.
The world will seldom notice, nor long remember, what we say here today, but the world will never forget what they did here.
Rather, we who are still alive should be here to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished work that the brave men have so nobly advanced. Rather, we should devote ourselves here to the great task that still remains before us, so that we may draw from these glorious dead more devotion to the cause to which they had completely and utterly devoted themselves; that we may We here make the utmost determination that these dead shall not die in vain; that the nation may, under the blessing of God, receive a new life of freedom. And make this government of the people, by the people, and for the people endure forever.
Sample Essay 2
An impromptu speech on Christmas in the United States
Churchill
(December 20, 1944 4th)
Dear workers and soldiers fighting for freedom:
My friend, the great and outstanding President Roosevelt, has just delivered a Christmas Eve speech and has given A loving tribute from families across America. Now that I can follow Ji Wei and say a few words, I feel infinitely honored.
Although I am far away from my family and motherland today to celebrate the festival here, I don’t feel like a foreign country at all. I don’t know whether this is because my mother’s bloodline is the same as yours, or because of the friendship I have gained here over the years, or because these two countries, with the same writing, the same beliefs, and the same ideals, are fighting together in the world. The comradeship feelings generated by the relationship may be due to the combination of the above three relationships. In short, I spent the holidays in Washington, the political center of the United States, and I didn’t feel like a foreigner at all.
There is a sense of brotherhood between you and me, and coupled with your kindness in welcoming me, I feel that I should sit by the fireside with you *** and enjoy the joy of Christmas together.
But this year’s Christmas Eve is a strange Christmas Eve. Because the entire world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, killing each other using the terrifying weapons that science can devise. If we are not convinced that we have no malicious intentions towards other countries’ territory and wealth, no ambition to seize materials, and no despicable thoughts, then our Christmas this year will definitely be very sad.
Although the frenzy of war is raging everywhere, making us terrified, today, every family is celebrating the festival in a quiet and solemn atmosphere. Tonight, we can temporarily put aside our fears and worries and arrange a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking families all over the world should turn tonight into a bright and peaceful little world, so that the children can enjoy this good night as much as possible, so that they can be happy because they have received the gift from their parents, and at the same time, we can also enjoy this kind of freedom. Then we take on the arduous task of next year, at all costs, so that the inheritance that our children should inherit will not be deprived by others; so that the free life they should have in the civilized world will not be destroyed by others. . So, with God's blessing, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.
1. The beginning should capture the audience and be engaging.
The beginning of the speech is also called the opening statement. It occupies a prominent position in the structure of the speech and plays an important role. Swiss writer Winkler said: "The opening speech has two tasks: one is to establish the sympathy between the speaker and the listener; the other is to open the scene and introduce the topic as the meaning of the word explains." A good speech should use the most appropriate words at the beginning. Concise language and the most economical time can attract the audience's attention and excitement, so as to achieve a surprising and winning effect.
The main opening techniques include:
1. Wedge. Use a few sincere words to establish a personal relationship with the audience and gain the audience's favor and trust;
2. Connection. Directly reflect a situation or an issue to be discussed, often using a small incident, a metaphor, personal experience, anecdotes, and unexpected questions to connect the main content of the speech;
3. Excite. You can ask some questions that stimulate the audience's thinking and focus the audience's attention on the speech;
4. Touch the topic. Tell the audience what you are going to say at the beginning. The speeches of many famous politicians, writers and national leaders in the world are like this.
There are many ways to start a speech, the most commonly used ones are:
1. Get straight to the point and prompt the topic. This kind of opening means getting to the point as soon as you start speaking, directly reminding you of the center of the speech. For example, Soong Ching Ling's "Speech at the Ceremony of Accepting an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Victoria, Canada" begins: "I feel honored to receive an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Victoria, Canada." To use this method, you must first clearly grasp the center of the speech and put it into perspective. The arguments should be presented to the audience so that the audience will know what the center of the talk is and focus their attention immediately.
2. Introduce the situation and explain the root cause. This kind of opening can quickly shorten the distance with the audience and make the audience eager to understand what follows. For example, the beginning of Engels' "Speech at the Grave of Jenny Marx" delivered on December 5, 1881: "The woman of noble character whom we now bury was born in Salzwedel in 1814. Her father von Baron Westphalen had been close to the Marx family in Trier; the children of the two families had grown up together. By the time Marx entered college, he and his future wife knew that their lives would be forever linked. Together." This beginning provides the necessary introduction and explanation of what happened and the characters, paving the way for further reminders of the topic to the audience.
3. Ask questions, get attention.
This method is to raise some questions that stimulate the audience's thinking based on the characteristics of the audience and the content of the speech to attract the audience's attention. For example, Frederick Douglass's "Speech Condemning Slavery" delivered at the Fourth of July convention in Rochester, New York, USA, on July 4, 1854, can arouse positive thinking in the audience and lead people to into an angry and profound situation: "Citizens, please forgive me for asking, why am I invited to speak here today? What do I, or the slaves I represent, have to do with your National Day? "Independence Shall the principles of political liberty and equality of creation enunciated in the Declaration befall us as well, and thus call upon me to offer to the altar of our country our humble tribute, acknowledging the grace which we have received and which your independence has brought us? And express pious gratitude?" In addition to the above three methods, there are also explanatory style, suspense style, warning style, humorous style, pun style, lyrical style, etc.
2. The main body should be interconnected and in-depth.
This is the main part of the speech. In the process of writing, it is necessary to deal with several issues such as level, rhythm and cohesion.
(1) Level Level is the order in which the ideological content of the speech is expressed. It reflects the steps in which the speaker’s ideas are developed, and also reflects the speaker’s understanding of objective things. The level of the speech’s structure is based on It is formed by selecting and combining speech materials based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the speech. Since a speech is an activity that directly faces the audience, the structural level of the speech cannot be grasped by the audience through vision, and the auditory grasp of the level is limited by the time of the speech.
So, how can we make the structure of the speech clear? According to the characteristics of the audience's auditory grasp of hierarchy, the basic method to display the structural hierarchy of a speech is to establish obvious audio language signs in the speech, so as to appeal to the auditory sense in a timely manner to obtain a clear layered effect. The speaker repeatedly asks questions in his speech and elaborates his views based on the questions, so that the structure can be linked and deepened layer by layer. In addition, using transitional sentences or words such as "first", "secondly" and "then" to distinguish levels in the speech is also an effective way to make the levels clear.
(2) Rhythm Rhythm refers to the relaxation and ups and downs of the structural arrangement of the speech content. The rhythm of the speech structure is mainly achieved by changing the content of the speech. The transformation of the speech content is to appropriately insert humor, poetry, anecdotes and other content into the content guided by a theme, so that the audience's attention can remain highly concentrated without excitability suppression due to high concentration. There is almost no good speaker who is not good at using this method. The rhythm of the speech structure should be both distinct and moderate. Straightforward and dull narration will certainly make the audience nervous and fatigued, but too frequent content changes will also cause the audience to lose their attention. Therefore, the inserted content should serve the purpose of the speech, and the frequency of the rhythm should also be determined based on the psychological characteristics of the audience.
(3) Cohesion Cohesion refers to connecting the various levels of content in the speech to make it have a seamless overall feeling. Since the rhythm of the speech requires timely changes in the content of the speech, it is easy for the structure of the speech to appear fragmented. Cohesion is a kind of compensation for the tightness and density of the structure. It makes the transformation of each content level more clever and natural, makes the speech full of integrity, and helps the theme of the speech to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The method of connecting the structure of the speech script is mainly to use transitional paragraphs or transitional sentences that are related to the two paragraphs of content and two levels.
3. The ending should be concise, powerful, and lingering. The ending is the natural conclusion of the speech. A concise, concise and lingering ending can invigorate the audience and prompt them to think and ponder over and over again; while a loose, boring and boring ending can only make the audience bored and be forgotten as things pass. How can you leave a lasting impression on your audience? American writer John Wolfe said: "It is best to end the speech decisively when the audience's interest reaches its climax, and to stop abruptly when it is not over." This is the most effective way to end a speech.
When the speech is at its climax, the audience's cerebral cortex is highly excited, and their attention and emotions reach the best state. If the speech is suddenly ended in this state, the final impression left in the brain of the audience will be particularly profound. There is no fixed format for the end of the speech. It may be a concise summary of the main points of the speech, or it may end with a call to action or motivational words, or it may end with a poem, famous quote or humorous words. But the general principle is to leave a deep impression on the audience