Han Dynasty is a very glorious period of science and technology culture in China history. The state also attaches great importance to education and knowledge. When the Eastern Han Dynasty was Emperor Huan, there were 30,000 students alone. In historiography, Sima Qian's Historical Records is the first biographical general history in China, the first of the twenty-four histories, and provides a standard for the compilation of official history in the next two thousand years. The book is divided into twelve biographies, ten tables, eight books, thirty families and seventy biographies, with a total of * * * hundred articles and 526,500 words. Han Shu compiled by Ban Gu is divided into twelve chapters, eight tables, ten records and seventy biographies. The style of the book is modeled after the historical records, but the book is changed to discipline and the aristocratic family is abolished for biographies. It also created four chronicles of criminal law, five elements, geography, astronomy, art and literature, and a list of officials. Hanshu is the first complete dynastic history in the history of China. It became a model for later dynasties to write their own history. Other historical books in the Han Dynasty include The History of the East View, The History of Han Dynasty and The Spring and Autumn Period of Wu and Yue. Many western scholars believe that the historical standards initiated by writers in the Han Dynasty did not lead the world until18th century. The founding of the Han dynasty adopted the rule of inaction, and the Taoist thought of Huang Lao was the main idea in the Wenjing period, supplemented by Confucianism and law, as the guiding ideology of the legal system. It not only emphasizes inaction, but also attaches importance to the role of courtesy and morality. It not only recognizes the importance of law, but also insists on simplifying the law and serving the people. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the rulers established the legal guiding ideology of Confucianism as the orthodox thought, supplemented by legalists, and its center was "morality as the main punishment", that is, moral education was first used, and then punishment was imposed. This way of governing the country with both rigidity and softness became the guiding ideology of the legal system of the Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This thought has a great influence on the legislation of later generations. Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, once famously said: "The Han family has its own system, and its system is based on hegemony." This is an incisive exposition of this idea. Many documents and books destroyed by Qin Shihuang's burning books and burying Confucianism have been reproduced through the unremitting efforts and excavation records of Han scholars, including the ancient books of the Five Classics, which were also excavated and sorted out at this time. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's idea of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", Confucian classics became the academic mainstream. Because different scholars have different understandings and memories of Confucian classics, they are also divided into different schools academically. During the period, there were five scholars with a neutral attitude in the business school, namely Yi, Shu, Shi, Li and Chunqiu, with a total of twelve doctors. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was increased to fourteen doctors. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the study of China's classical masterpieces was developed, while the study of China's modern masterpieces declined. The Han government set up Yuefu to collect folk poems, which is Yuefu poetry. Later generations collected many Yuefu poems in Yuefu Poems, Nineteen Ancient Poems and Yutai New Poems, and the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast was also written in the late Han Dynasty. Fu is a new literary genre, and Sima Xiangru's Zi Xufu, Shang and Zhang Heng's Erjing Fu are all famous literary works. In the Han Dynasty, official script gradually replaced Xiao Zhuan as the main writing font, and the appearance of official script laid the font structure of modern Chinese characters and became the watershed of ancient and modern characters. During this period, the rudiment of punctuation marks also appeared. In terms of science and technology, silk floss and hemp were used to make paper in the Western Han Dynasty, which was the ancestor of paper. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking and formed modern paper. Papermaking has become one of the four great inventions in China. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made the world's first seismograph that could predict earthquakes. Taichu calendar, written by Luo and others, brought the 24 solar terms into the calendar for the first time. Zhang Zhongjing was honored as a "medical sage" because of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, the originator of traditional Chinese medicine. According to historical records, Hua Tuo was the first doctor in the world to adopt general anesthesia (its authenticity is now questioned by Chen Yinke and others). Zhou Kuai Shu Jing in the first century BC and Jiu Zhang Arithmetic in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty are masterpieces in the field of mathematics. Among them, Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a summary of the development of mathematics during the founding and consolidation of ancient society in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. It lists four kinds of fractional operations, namely, this technique (known as the three-rate method in the west), square root and square root (including the numerical solution of quadratic equation), surplus and deficiency technique (known as the double solution in the west), various formulas of area and volume, the solution of linear equations, the principle of addition and subtraction of positive and negative operations, and Pythagorean solution. The Han Dynasty was also the first time that China invented porcelain firing. During this period, products of the late Han Dynasty appeared, such as distillation, hydraulic mill, rudiment of modern horse yoke and abdominal belt, lacquerware, reciprocating piston bellows for metallurgy, unicycle, waterwheel, suspension bridge and so on. Waterproof compartments, multiple masts, stern rudder and compass are used in shipbuilding. In addition, blood circulation was first discovered at this time. During the Han Dynasty, China's smelting technology also made great progress, and the technology of casting money was relatively mature, such as three baht money and five baht money. The painting process is unique, such as the silk paintings unearthed in Mawangdui, and various daily necessities are complete. For example, the bronze mirror, known as the "magic mirror of the Han Dynasty", also improved its salt-making technology, and distilled liquor appeared in the Han Dynasty, making the wine level perfect. Agricultural technology has been greatly improved, and new irrigation tools such as drainage appeared in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty was also a period of religious prosperity in China. Buddhism was introduced into China during the reign of Emperor Han Ming, and Baima Temple was the first Buddhist temple in China. Taoism also preached in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism was divided into two factions, one was Taiping Road; The other branch is Shitian Road, also known as Wudoumi Road. There is also a big tribe in Wudoumi Road, headed by Yu Ji, which spreads in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Tang Dynasty: Tang poetry, three colors of Tang Dynasty, the spread and development of Buddhism, the achievements of elegant and agile Dunhuang art, and colorful music and dances in Tang Dynasty, such as "The King of Qin Exiles" and "Dancing in Clothes". 1, woodblock printing China invented printing is the earliest in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were block-printed Buddhist scriptures, calendars and poems. At present, the earliest engraving printing in the world is diamond sutra paper printed by China in 868. Its invention is of great benefit to the spread of culture. 2. Monk and his party He was an astronomer in the Tang Dynasty in China. A line obtains the length of the meridian from the actual measurement. This is the first time in the world to measure the meridian. Measuring the length of meridian has a great relationship with measuring the size of the earth. 3, Sun Simiao's "Qian Jin Fang" He is the most famous physician in the Liang Dynasty. Through continuous efforts, I have written an excellent medical work-Qian Jin Fang. He was honored as the "King of Medicine" by later generations. 4. Tang poetry, Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are the prosperous times of poetry in the history of China. There are nearly 50 thousand poems circulating so far. These poems reflect the social life of the Tang Dynasty. Many of these works have perfect artistic form and good ideological content, and they are still loved by people today. 5. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were famous essayists in Tang Dynasty. Han Yu advocates inheriting the fine tradition of saving and borrowing prose, and emphasizes that writing articles should be meaningful and creative, not just formal. The highest achievement of Liu Zongyuan's prose is fable. 6. Painters of Yan and Wu Daozi are good at drawing characters' stories. His "Travel Map" vividly depicts the scene in which Emperor Taizong received the marriage proposal envoy sent by Songzan Gambu. Wu Daozi's paintings have a strong three-dimensional sense, and the characters are lifelike. "Five generations of wind" is called "painting sage" by later generations. 7. The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, located on the cliff of Shao Ming in the southeast of Dunhuang, Gansu Province, also known as the Thousand Buddha Cave, is one of the largest art treasures in the world. There are now 492 caves, most of which were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Some Buddhist stories painted by Duo Lou reflect the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, the luxurious life of the ruling class and the hard work of the working people. His artistic creation profoundly shows the wisdom and outstanding talents of the working people in China.