If we look at the development of the whole science, we will find that almost all scientific theories are destroyed by the three views. Don't believe it? Let's give a few random examples, such as what is "heat"? In classical physics, scientists give the conclusion that:
The intensity of thermal motion of an object molecule.
This is actually very counterintuitive. Not only that, in Aristotle's time, many of his conclusions were obtained from daily life, such as:
The heavy objects hit the ground first.
Of course, we now know that this concept is wrong, but without Galileo's experiment, most people would actually think like Aristotle. Since Copernicus initiated the Copernican Revolution, in fact, modern science began to develop rapidly. But today, the knowledge structure of most people is still ahead of Copernicus. Therefore, scientific theories since Copernicus are extremely destructive.
The reason why there is such a result is that the scientific theory came to Galileo and Newton and began to be baptized, especially the experiment. They began to demand strict experiments to eliminate all kinds of interference. Galileo did do the experiment of the law of inertia, although he didn't necessarily do the experiment of the free fall of the leaning tower of Pisa.
Moreover, even in the 20th century, astronauts still did such experiments in outer space to prove the accuracy of Galileo's theory. In fact, all kinds of physical conclusions drawn by controlling variables have been learned in our junior and senior high school physics classes. Physics is the most difficult subject in almost all disciplines, which proves how destructive it is. But junior high school and senior high school actually studied classical physics, and only learned a little in modern physics.
Two pillars of science in the 20th century.
And scientific theory began to destroy these three viewpoints in the 20th century, which is reflected in:
scale
Uncertainty; uncertain
Why do you say that? Because scientists suddenly found that physics, which has been developed for 300 years, only describes the macroscopic low-speed world. Macroscopically, classical physics is in crisis when high speed and gravity are particularly large; When the microscopic world reaches the subatomic level, classical physics is powerless.
Results In the 20th century, physics had two theoretical pillars, one was relativity and the other was quantum mechanics. That is, the theory developed by the following people.
Among them, relativity can solve the large-scale problem of high-speed gravity, and quantum mechanics can solve the physical phenomena below the subatomic level. Classical physics is only the approximation of these two theories at macro low speed, which means that quantum mechanics and relativity are compatible with classical physics. This is reflected in the scale, and the new theory solves the physical phenomena of different scales that the old theory can not solve.
Please click to enter a picture description.
On different scales, there are phenomena that are difficult for ordinary people to understand. Let's talk about relativity first. In the special theory of relativity, there are two famous conclusions: time expansion and scale contraction effect.
Simply put, if someone moves at a high speed, his time will expand relative to yours, that is, his time will slow down. It should be noted here that you feel slow when you look at him, but in fact, his own time is normal.
Not only did you watch him slow down, but you made him even.
This is actually the scale effect. The special theory of relativity is mainly discussed here, and the specific reasons are not explained much. Students who want to know can pull the link at the end of the article, where there is a very detailed explanation.
Above, we just said two conclusions of special relativity, in fact, we can realize the feeling of subverting the three views. But whether the theory is right or not depends on experiments. In fact, scientists have actually done experiments, such as the famous muon experiment, which proves the time expansion effect.
Both special relativity and general relativity have been proved to be highly realistic and have become mainstream theories. This scientific theory 100 years ago is particularly painful for us to understand, because it is not a macroscopic physical phenomenon at low speed and is too far away from our lives.
Besides relativity, what is even more incomprehensible is quantum mechanics. Especially the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, said:
In the microscopic world, the position of a particle and its momentum cannot be determined at the same time. The smaller the uncertainty of position, the greater the uncertainty of momentum, and vice versa.
Please click to enter a picture description.
As a result, the model of atoms has also changed greatly, and electrons take the form of probability clouds outside the nucleus. This means that electrons have no specific orbit. Copenhagen school believes that electrons appear at all positions outside the nucleus at the same time, and the difference of each position lies in the difference of probability, so probability clouds should be used to describe the movement of electrons.
Please click to enter a picture description.
This probability explanation, even Einstein didn't buy it. He thinks that although such a theory can explain various physical phenomena in the micro-world, it should be incomplete. So, he said a famous saying:
God can't roll dice.
Please click to enter a picture description.
When he finished, he was ruthlessly countered by Bohr:
Einstein, don't tell God what to do.
As the old saying goes, whether the theory is reliable or not depends on the experiment. With the improvement of experimental technology and accuracy, scientists found that God should roll the dice. This kind of uncertainty is enough to destroy the three views, of course, this is also caused by the difference of scale (the difference between the micro-world and the macro-low-speed world).
Uncertainty; uncertain
If we want to summarize the scientific theory of the 20th century, we should use "uncertainty" to summarize it.
All kinds of discoveries in the 20th century are full of this uncertainty. In World War II, scientists found that the shells would be affected by various factors after being launched, and it was difficult to hit the target in the end. This kind of influence cannot be solved in advance and is full of uncertainty. So Wiener put forward cybernetics, which uses feedback to control the system.
Please click to enter a picture description.
Later, when Apollo landed on the moon in the United States, cybernetics played a vital role in ensuring that the manned spacecraft could reach the scheduled position smoothly.
Please click to enter a picture description.
Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen is regarded as one of the founders of engineering cybernetics in China. It is the relevant research of engineering cybernetics scientists such as Qian Xuesen that ensures that the rocket can reach the scheduled position.
Please click to enter a picture description.
At the same time as Wiener, information theory also developed. Shannon, the founder of informatics, gave a definition of information:
Information is used to overcome uncertainty.
Please click to enter a picture description.
Did you find it? There is uncertainty here again. Cybernetics, information theory and system theory are the three major theories of the 20th century. It is the development of these theories that greatly promotes the development of many engineering and informatics. And they all point to "uncertainty" in unison.
However, it is not only quantum mechanics, information theory, cybernetics. And the famous chaos theory. In fact, there is a more popular example called the butterfly effect. The general concept of butterfly effect is:
A butterfly flapping its wings gently in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas a month later.
Please click to enter a picture description.
Chaos theory actually says:
Under the initial conditions, small changes may lead to a huge chain reaction of the whole system.
In the words of our ancients:
A miss is as good as a mile.
Small loss refers to the initial segment, and the thousand-mile error cannot be predicted and repaired, which is uncertainty.
Quantum mechanics, cybernetics, information theory, chaos theory, etc. They are all mainstream scientific theories at present, and they have all been confirmed. At the same time, due to the existence of "uncertainty", these theories are actually difficult for ordinary people to understand.
If we want to summarize the science of the 20th century, it is really an "uncertain" science. Moreover, it is contrary to Einstein's expectation. In the final analysis, the most incomprehensible thing is that "God" is really rolling the dice.