A fool thinks he is smart, but a wise man knows he is a fool. —— Shakespeare

Inexperienced first love is charming, but love that can stand the test is priceless. —— Malinsky

Good health and a high degree of physical training are important conditions for effective mental work. —— Krupskaya

The secret of success is to never change the established purpose. ——Rousseau

Those who never waste time have no time to complain about lack of time. —— Jefferson

Proverbs can reflect the creativity, wisdom and spirit of a nation. —— Bacon

Telling the truth should not be difficult. What I mean by truth does not mean truth, nor do I mean correct words. Say whatever you think; say whatever you think. This is telling the truth. ——Ba Jin

Sincerity can be succinctly defined as an illogical belief in impossible situations. —— Mencken

In life, it’s never too late to make friends. —— Yuan Zhongdao

Whoever doesn’t know how to rest cannot work. ——Lenin

Friendship is a union of souls. This union can be divorced. It is a tacit contract between two sensitive and upright people. —— Voltaire

New mathematical methods and concepts are often more important than solving mathematical problems themselves. ——Hua Luogeng

Personal wisdom is only limited. —— Plautus

More advanced and complex labor is a manifestation of a labor force that requires higher education costs and its production requires more labor than an ordinary labor force. time. Therefore, it has a higher value. ——Marx

When Edison was a child, his family was poor.

He bought newspapers and worked as a child laborer to support his family.

After his experiment failed on the train,

Buy A slap in the face caused deafness.

In order to develop a suitable metal for filament, Edison failed 999 times and was laughed at.

Nobel’s invention of gunpowder failed N times.

His own home was destroyed.

I just thought about it because I was sleepy.

Sorry!

The Curies

Pierre Curie was born on May 15, 1859 in a family of doctors in Paris. During his childhood and adolescence, he had a contemplative personality, was not easy to change his mind, was taciturn, and had slow reactions. He was not suitable for the infusion-type knowledge training in ordinary schools and could not follow the class. People said that he was mentally slow, so he never went to elementary school since he was a child. and middle school. His father often took him to the countryside to collect specimens of animals, plants, and minerals, which cultivated his strong interest in nature and learned preliminary methods of how to observe things and how to interpret them. When Curie was 14 years old, his parents hired a mathematics teacher for him. His mathematics progressed rapidly, and he obtained a bachelor's degree in science at the age of 16. Two years after entering the University of Paris, he obtained a master's degree in physics. In 1880, when he was 21 years old, he and his brother Jacques Curie studied the properties of crystals and discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystals. In 1891, he studied the relationship between the magnetism of substances and temperature and established Curie's law: the magnetization coefficient of paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature. While conducting scientific research, he also created and improved many new instruments, such as piezoelectric crystal scales, Curie balances, Curie electrometers, etc. Pierre Curie married Marie Curie on July 25, 1895.

Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw under the rule of Tsarist Russia. Her father was a middle school teacher. At the age of 16, she graduated from Warsaw Middle School with a gold medal. Because her family could not afford to continue her studies, she had to work as a tutor for six years. Later, with his own savings and the help of his sister, he went to Paris to study in 1891. At the University of Paris, she studied diligently under extremely difficult conditions. After four years, she obtained two master's degrees in physics and mathematics.

The year after the Curies got married, in 1896, Becquerel discovered the radioactive phenomenon of uranium salts, which aroused great interest in the young couple. Marie Curie was determined to study this unusual phenomenon. the essence of the phenomenon. She first tested all the chemical elements known at the time and discovered that thorium and thorium compounds were also radioactive. She further examined the radioactivity of various complex minerals and unexpectedly discovered that pitchblende was more than four times more radioactive than pure uranium oxide. She concluded that uranium ore apparently contained a more radioactive element in addition to uranium. Based on his experience as a physicist, Curie immediately realized the importance of this research result. He put aside the crystal research he was doing and devoted himself to the search for new elements with Madame Curie. Soon they determined that uranium ore contained not one but two undiscovered elements. In July 1898, they first named one of the elements polonium to commemorate Marie Curie's native Poland. Not long after, in December 1898, they named another element radium. In order to obtain pure polonium and radium, they performed hard work. Working day and night in a shabby shed for four years.

I stirred the boiling pitchblende slag in the pot with an iron rod, and my eyes and throat endured the irritation of the smoke coming out of the pot. After refining again and again, I got one-tenth of a gram of pitchblende slag from several tons of pitchblende slag. radium. For the discovery of radioactivity, the Curies and Becquerel won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a car accident at the age of 47. After the death of Pierre Curie, Marie Curie endured great grief and took over her husband's position as professor of physics at the University of Paris, becoming the first female professor at the school. She continued her research work on radioactivity. In 1910, she and French chemist Debie Hernault analyzed pure radium and determined its atomic weight and position in the periodic table of elements. She also measured the half-lives of radon and some other radioactive elements, and sorted out the systematic relationship between the decay of radioactive elements. Due to these major achievements, he was awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, becoming the only scientist in history to win the Nobel Prize twice.

The Curies personally experienced the physiological effects of radium. They were burned by radium rays more than once. They worked with doctors to study the use of radium to treat cancer and pioneered radiotherapy. During the First World War, she participated in battlefield health services for her motherland, Poland, and her second motherland, France. She organized X-ray cars and X-ray photography rooms to serve wounded soldiers, and also used radium to treat wounded soldiers. Great effect.

After the war, Marie Curie returned to the Radium Institute she founded in Paris to continue her research and train young scholars. In his later years, he completed the refining of polonium and actinium. Marie Curie engaged in radium element research for 35 years without any protective facilities, plus four years of work in establishing an X-ray laboratory during the war. The radiation seriously damaged her health and caused her severe anemia. In May 1934, she had to leave her beloved laboratory and died on July 4, 1934.

The Curies were indifferent and modest throughout their lives. They did not like worldly compliments and praises, and did not care about personal fame, wealth and status. After discovering radium and successfully refining it, they did not apply for a patent and did not retain any rights. They believe that radium is an element that should belong to all mankind. They revealed their method of extracting radium to the world. More than one gram of radium, which they spent more than ten years preparing and worth approximately US$100,000, was handed over to the Radium Research Institute without taking any penny. The gram of radium donated to her by the American women's circle was not kept privately, half was given to the French Radium Institute, and the other half was given to the Radium Institute in Warsaw. They could have become millionaires overnight when they used radium to treat cancer, but they agreed not to receive any material benefits from their invention. The purpose of their hard work is to bring happiness to mankind from new discoveries.

Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements

What is everything in the universe made of? The ancient Greeks believed that there were four elements: water, earth, fire, and air. The ancient Chinese believed in the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. In modern times, people gradually understood that there are many kinds of elements, and there are definitely more than four or five kinds. In the 18th century, scientists had discovered more than 30 elements, such as gold, silver, iron, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. By the 19th century, 54 elements had been discovered.

People naturally ask, how many undiscovered elements are there? Do the elements exist alone, or are they somehow connected to each other?