Modern poetry is richer and more complicated than classical poetry, but there are not many key techniques or basic techniques, such as symbol, image, irony, cold lyricism, fictionalization, pictographic (picture poetry) and so on. Imagination and symbolism are the most basic features of poetry. The biggest difference between poetry and prose, ancient poetry and new poetry is symbol, but it is a pity that traditional or previous rhetoric basically does not mention symbol or a few words pass by from generation to generation. Symbol is a foreign word, which comes from Greek and means to join, that is, to replace one thing with another. Symbolism, as an artistic trend of thought, has appeared twice in the history of western literature. One time was in the Middle Ages, the pantheist Ailiugenna thought that art was symbol, so all works of art had two levels of superficial meaning and symbolic meaning. The other time was symbolism, which appeared in the late 19th century and early 2th century, with Baudelaire, Rambo, Malamei, Wei Erlun, Ye Zhi and Eliot as its representatives. Malamei believes that poetry is revelation, fantasy and mystery, that is, it shows the state of mind through symbols, and works of art are thoughts engraved with symbols. Baudelaire believes that the external world is false and unreal, just a reflection of the other side of the world, and there is a more real "another world" behind "our world". Only people's hearts have the "highest truth", and only poets can use symbols to understand this highest truth. Therefore, it has become the conscious artistic pursuit of symbolism to express the inner truth through symbols, reveal the inductive fit between external things and the inner world, and go deep into the "chaotic and profound unity" to achieve the realm of consistency between things and me. Lipps called empathy in art a symbol of beauty. Symbol is similar to xing, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor and suggestion in Chinese. Symbol can fully express the image outside the image, the meaning outside the rhyme and the meaning outside the taste of the poem, that is, the implicit beauty, hazy feeling, mystery and strangeness of the poem. The object of symbol is ideas, feelings and invisible things, the medium of symbol is some kind of image, and the method of symbol is indirect rather than direct, which breaks the singleness and simplicity of poetry's direct expression and makes poetry full of polysemy and ambiguity. However, symbols make poetry obscure or even riddled, which deviates from the aesthetic feeling of poetry. Avant-garde poetry mainly refers to the difference between modernist or post-modernist and non-avant-garde poetry in that the former is a whole symbol and the latter is often a local symbol. Symbols can also be divided into character symbols, scene symbols, event symbols and so on. Symbolism is the earliest and most influential school of western modernist literature and art. The Flower of Evil, a collection of poems by Baudelaire, a pioneer of French symbolism, published in 1857, is one of his representative works. Symbolism tries to get rid of naturalism's mechanical imitation of external things, and tries to imply the subjective world from what is objectively and concretely perceived. It is required to form a symbolic counterpart with mysterious associations in a trance, so as to serve as a medium to communicate between the two worlds, which is full of individualism and mysticism. Symbolism is the reflection of Swedish mystic philosopher emanuel swedenborg's theory of induction in his poetry creation in the 18th century. Malamei, a master of symbolism, said: "To specify an object deprives a poem of its greatest pleasure; Because the fun of poetry is gradually revealed. " Later, some people summarized this sentence as "saying is destruction, suggesting is creation." Became a famous saying of symbolism. Jung believes that symbol is the original image behind artistic image. Only by closely linking the symbol with the prototype can the essence of the symbol be truly revealed. Symbol is the externalization of prototype, and prototype can only express itself through symbol. The so-called "unknown things" to be expressed by the symbol is the prototype deeply hidden in the collective unconscious. The history of mankind is to constantly look for better symbols. China's new poetry was also influenced by symbolism, and symbolism appeared in the 192s and 193s, with Li Jinfa and Dai Wangshu as the representatives. In the 198s, misty poetry grew up by absorbing symbolism and imagism. After misty poetry, the symbolism of China's avant-garde poetry is cold lyricism or anti-lyricism. Image. Image first appeared in Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long? Shensi: "A craftsman who takes photos alone can get a glimpse of the image and carry the weight. This is the first skill to control the text and the great end of the article." Pound said: "An image is something that presents a composite of reason and emotion in a flash." Imagism is a genre and poetic movement of British and American poetry in the early 2th century. Poet Pound formed Imagism on the basis of absorbing China's classical poems. Richard, another important poet of Imagism? In the preface of Imagism Poet (1915), Ahldin Dunn gave a detailed explanation of Imagism: 1. Use the language of daily conversation, but use accurate words; 2. Create a new rhythm; 3. Allow absolute freedom in the choice of themes; 4. present an image (so our sentence is called imagism); 5. Write tough and fresh poems, never vague or endless poems; Finally, most of us think that conciseness is the soul of poetry. (See Selected Imagist Poems by Lijiang Publishing House, 1986). To some extent, China's theory of artistic conception in poetry contains symbolism and imagism in western poetry. The difference lies in that the theory of artistic conception is the epitome of China's classical poetry aesthetics, the artistic expression method and the artistic expression purpose, and the theory of artistic conception is the development and deepening of the theory of image; Symbolism and imagism are the symbols of western modern poetry aesthetics, but they are mainly artistic expression methods, not artistic expression purposes. Imagism comes directly from China's classical imagism. Artistic conception is an important theory and aesthetic concept in Chinese poetry creation. It refers to a kind of artistic realm of scene blending formed by the vivid life picture depicted in poetry works and the poet's strong rich thoughts and feelings. It enables readers to be infected in thoughts and feelings through imagination and association, such as entering their own environment. It can also be understood as the realm reached after the blending of images, which is the artistic conception, that is, the poetic realm, that is, poetry. Or poetry is a beautiful text with artistic conception. The artistic conception of poetry is an organic blend of things and me, feelings and scenery, emptiness and reality, and it is the result of the artistic conception and artistic creation of poetry. Whether there is artistic conception or not is an important aesthetic standard to measure the success or failure of poetry works. Artistic conception is different from the general combination of meaning and image, the blending of emotion and scenery, and it is an artistic image with special aesthetic content. First, the artistic conception is not limited to the part of the image itself that has been specifically depicted, but also through association and imagination, so that the aesthetic feeling can be extended to those parts that are compared, symbolized and implied by the specific description of the image, that is, the image outside the image. The second is "thinking with the environment", which turns the scenery into emotional things, that is, the scenery outside the scene. Moreover, this "image outside the image" and "scenery outside the scene" is often only meaningful but difficult to describe. Art is the combination of subjective and objective, and artistic creation is the mutual detonation of subjective and objective. Its sequence, weight, primary and secondary, combination and change are different, which is the colorful art. This is true at all times, at home and abroad. Irony, that is, conveying a meaning that is different or opposite to the accepted or superficial meaning, often has the meaning of ridicule. Of course, the object of this ridicule is actually himself. Sometimes, irony reminds us of cross talk, sketches, magic, jokes, fables and even myths, and there are also talking in dreams, crazy talk, silly talk and wine talk, as well as parks, zoos, tours, parties and homecoming. We can also think of fun, humor and absurdity, all of which are called comedies in the west. Qian Zhongshu's humor represents the new intellectual realm of oriental culture, and his unspoken humor is a great insight, which will make us feel that life and life are so relaxed, happy and even fun, and then sigh how beautiful life and life really are. To hell with all the heavy and tragic things, living like a child or playing games is the ultimate realm of life. I once called Isha a comedy poet in my article. Nowadays, the lower half of the internet, garbage poets such as Shen Haobo, Yin Lichuan, Pi Dan, Xu Xiangchou, Li Lei, Guan Shang and Guan Dang Sheng are mostly masters of irony. Fictionalization. The tendency of fiction or expression in Yu Jian's poems is obvious, and it is also criticized from time to time. Fortunately, he didn't lose his mind, and he didn't die in the matter. Some people who follow in their footsteps distort the Confucian classics, replacing poetry with things or harming poetry with things. Now there is another non-poetic writing tendency, naturalism or diary writing tendency, which is as terrible and dangerous as fictionalization. The reason is still that the poet is dying for poetry after losing his passion and imagination. It is not terrible for some people to write like this. What is terrible is that some famous poets write like this, and some naive people take it as a pioneer. It's still beautiful, and it's as plain as water. Lost wisdom, lost light, only records, at most prose, poetry is dead. Cold lyricism, also called zero-degree lyricism, is essentially not lyrical or even anti-lyrical, which is similar to line drawing. Concrete, objective and calm, as if the machine were taking pictures. Exclude the love, hate, shade and distance of personal feelings. This should be subjective or objective objectification. Yu Jian's refusal metaphor is also a cold lyric. Yang Li's works in Fei Fei's period, such as "The Weird Man" and "The Heights", are cold and lyrical specimen works. As a result of cold lyricism, lyricism almost became the enemy of poetry. In fact, the result of cold lyricism is another kind of lyricism.