Your current location: Home page gt; Literature gt; Modern and contemporary literature gt; Text The delicate body of a Western woman·Worry-free city will give you an ipod Nano··The masseuse’s sex diary·Record: My twenties The experience of losing your virginity at the age of seven·How to take care of your woman’s vagina? The crazy passion of European and American supermodels·The residents of a nearby bungalow were forcibly demolished by Peking University and they set fire to it·The old farmer who was forced to have fun by a prostitute was killed in desperation·The secret of Japan's "Air Force One": the flight attendants were all female soldiers·Two middle school students were drunk and raped The classmates fled and did not dare to provoke the hot body. The most lethal naked and charming beauty Zhang Ziyi's early youthful photos. The past child star's present day. The crazy passion of European and American supermodels. The stunning girl's ecstasy photos of the hot young girl's flesh-colored stockings. The past child star's present day. Can Sun Li make a fool of herself in a photo shoot better than Shakespeare? - Nobel Prize for Literature: Font size: Large, Medium, Small 14. In his 1910 article "To the Swedish People", August Strindberg used an abusive tone to cover many topics, among which One is the selection issue of Sully Prudhomme, the first Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1901: “In addition, this winner was considered to have written ideally (later tampered with with a different meaning elsewhere). 'idealistically'), but he was a materialist and also translated Lucretius." Strindberg went on to write that the award was awarded to Blue. Daum "violated the statutes and [Nobel's] will" [1]. Strindberg was referring to the fact that Nobel had stipulated in his 1895 will that the Nobel Prize in Literature should be awarded to those who have created "the most outstanding works in an ideal direction." As a contemporary of Nobel, Strindberg was probably right when he pointed out that the adjectives "idealistic" and "ideal" had different meanings and therefore violated his will. But he didn't mention the difference between the two. The question of the meaning of the adjective "ideal" used by Nobel - which has always been considered peculiar or even anomalous - has been discussed for almost a hundred years, with various "explanations" proposed by commentators. As Kjell Espmark pointed out in his book "A Study on the Selection Criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature" (1991): "Indeed, the history of the Literature Prize is, in a sense, a constant attempt to explain this vague testament. "Nobel has provided us with five standards, three of which are generally valid for the five awards, and the other two are specially developed for the literature award. (1) "Awarded to writers who have brought great benefits to mankind." This is a basic criterion introduced in the first sentence of the relevant paragraph of the will. (2) "In the past year", for obvious reasons, is interpreted here as: the writer should be alive when he is nominated - there is no seat for Shakespeare, and his works should be influential at the time. (3) "No consideration will be given to the nationality of the candidate." This was a visionary standard, although not consistent with the national romanticism of the late nineteenth century. In the last ten years, it has been used as widely as possible. (4) "Awarded to those who will produce...the most outstanding works." This certainly means literary excellence. (5) "In the ideal direction". This sentence is consistent with a linguistic analysis involving a survey of revised wills, and it means; "in the direction of an ideal", where the ideal realm lies in the first criterion above. has been clearly stated. Since the conservative Permanent Secretary Carl David af Wirs had long established this orientation, discussions in the Academy of Arts in the early years of the Nobel Prize selection resulted in the interpretation of the word "ideal-oriented" in the will, without taking into account both. The research results of Esaias Tegna et al.

The formation of this orientation originated from the spirit of Swedish philosopher Christopher Jacob Bostrm; German esthetician Friedrich Theodor Vischer also advocated ideal realism, and Wilson can be said to have followed in his footsteps. No doubt Strindberg noticed this and offered a counterargument. Of course, the attitude of the Faculty of Arts is reflected in the history of awards reviews. In the first thirty years, almost every two-year review used words such as "ideal-oriented (place)" in one way or another. However, other issues are increasingly coming to the forefront. Using sources such as reporting and correspondence, Espmark examined the selection criteria in the book. His research to advance knowledge has revealed the ideas that underpinned decisions over time, such as literary neutrality (the unexpected favor given to Nordic writers during the First World War), grand style (following Goethe's formulation) , universal taste (as opposed to national or otherwise conditioned taste), avant-garde (recognizing original and unique works), a pragmatic attitude (focusing on significant but unknown writers because neither There is no equal among the best writers). As a result, there are many different internal bases for award discussions over the years. On the other hand, the award reviews published to the outside world form a formal information resource and clearly express the award purpose of the School of Liberal Arts. A study of this would naturally reveal reactions to the various bases for decision-making just exemplified. However, these responses are not very rich, and the picture is a bit complicated. Nonetheless, several grounds for recurrence can be noted. As for the more common factors in award comments, the first is the country where the winning writer was born, and sometimes the continent where the writer comes from. This is suitable for the award comments of several writers, for example, Grazia Deledda's three-dimensional picture in her hometown of Sardinia, Anatole France's Gallic temperament, Kawabata Yasunari's expression The extremely sensitive nature that characterizes the Japanese spirit, the power of fantasy that Toni Morrison gives vitality to the essential aspects of American reality, the nature that Pablo Neruda brings vitality to the destiny and dreams of a continent power, etc. Especially in the early days, the Academy of Arts often pointed to a certain work as the main reason for awarding the award, but in any case, since the comment given to Sholokhov (Epic of the Don) in 1965, it has never been mentioned again. It’s time to reach a certain work. The other eight books mentioned in this way are Mommsen's "History of Rome", Spitteler's "Olympic Spring", Hamsun's "The Growth of the Land", Reymont's "The Peasants", Thomas Mann's "Bodenbrooks", Galsworthy's "The Forsytes", Martin du Gard's "The Teapots", and Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Family" ocean". Only once has a writer been called a pioneer in an award review: T.S. Eliot. However, Pirandello was praised for his bold and clever revival of the dramatic scene art, and Faulkner was praised for his unique artistic contribution to the modern American novel. In addition, both Hemingway and Sartre mentioned the influence of their works in their comments. On the contrary, the award was given to Benavente because he carried forward the excellent tradition of Spanish drama in a clever way. Following the same vein, Bunin, Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn respectively mentioned in their comments that they inherited the classical/great/indivisible qualities of Russian literature. Tradition.

A point that was often expressed more clearly in the last fifty years was the emphasis on the description of the universal human condition - an aspect mentioned as many as twelve times since Gide won the prize in 1947. For example, the award is given to Beckett because his works have reached a high level in describing the extreme plight of modern people; to Singer because he vividly depicts the common human situation; to Golding. Golding's review of Oe Kenzaburo for the light his novels illuminate on the human condition in today's world refers to the astonishing pictures of the human predicament he writes. Today, inspired by the efforts of the past, there is a tendency within the liberal arts academy to "return to the testament," and I think it is fair to say so. For example, the comment to Nadine Gordimer: "She has - in Nobel's words - brought huge benefits to mankind through her magnificent epic works." Thanks to the efficient management of Nobel's vast estate by the Nobel Foundation, our Faculty of Arts has sufficient resources to weave a network of experts to collect reports from various cultural fields. There is another international network of people who have the privilege of nominating candidates. However, the selection process is based on the readings of members of the Faculty of Arts. Of course, there will be some subjective factors in who will be awarded the award first and last, but this still comes from the rich experience of the selection panel and was tested by full discussions during the meeting. Academicians are well aware of this fact: the reputation of the Nobel Prize depends on the list of winners. In "Scientific America" ??(1994), Marvin Minsky made the following comment in an article: "As a species, we seem to have reached a peak in the development of knowledge. There are no obvious markers to indicate We will be more creative. Can Einstein be more brilliant than Newton or Archimedes? Is there any playwright today who can rival Shakespeare or Euripides?" His answer is no, but that doesn't make it so. He is satisfied. We should seek ways to transcend the limits of our knowledge. He believes that this kind of transcendence can be attempted by replacing the human body with engineering and using nanotechnology to replace the human brain. In this way, the question of who to award the award to will be solved, and one choice will become one that will last through the ages. To surpass the peak, as a first step, explorers should invent some electronic devices and connect them to our brains through a large number of microscopic electrodes, thereby enhancing the capabilities of the human brain. But eventually they should come up with clever ways to replace various parts of the human brain. In doing so, Minsky observed, we should put ourselves into the machine. This new extremely intelligent machine, he calls it our "prodigy" following Hans Moravec's statement in "Prodigy: Robots and the Future of Human Intelligence" (1988). Since those particles move billions of times faster than brain cells, prodigies could be designed to think much faster than we do. Minsky estimated that such a thing, if worked for half a minute, seems to be worth several years of our hard work, and one hour is worth a person's lifetime of creation. Can it beat Shakespeare? Wonderful! While this is not a prerequisite, it will undoubtedly be a hit. But wait a minute, I don’t expect any real competitiveness from things that have something to do with robots, things that look like humans but are not human. By the way: would a machine appreciate a prize awarded to it? Let us appreciate the wisdom of Wislawa Szymborska, the 1996 Nobel Prize winner, in her poem "The Unmade Journey to the Himalayas": We inherit hope - we inherit the gift of forgetfulness. You will see how we give birth in the ruins. Ye Ti [2], we have Shakespeare here. Ye Ti, let’s play cards and play the violin. At dusk, we light the lamp, Ye Ti. ◎Various explanations Danish literary critic Georg Brandes said in a letter: He once asked a friend of Nobel's what the exact meaning of Nobel might be.

The answer he got was: Nobel was an anarchist. By "ideal-oriented" he meant "a challenging or critical attitude towards religion, imperial power, marriage and social order in general." The first thing to say about this is that it's quite nice to comment on "ideal-oriented," but the word that appears here is originally the word "ideal." In any case, he seems to make people think: Nobel takes an independent stance. Anderssterling, the former permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, tends to emphasize the role of Shelley's utopian idealism in his own statement of "Nobel's practical idealism". According to him, Nobel refers to a work with a positive humanistic tendency. He further believes that only this broadest interpretation can be of much benefit. Swedish scholar Gunnar Brandell once pointed out: The collection of books in the Nobel Library does not show that he was particularly influenced by Shelley. Brandl doubts it will be possible to find out exactly what the Nobel means. But he still boldly speculated that the reason why Nobel linked the Literature Prize with other international awards was because he particularly hoped to use literature to contribute to international mutual understanding. Artur Lundkvist, a former member of the Academy of Arts, once gave the following response to a question posed by an interviewer: "The prize should have an idealistic orientation; it should represent humanitarianism. It cannot be awarded to those who promote violence. "People." It can be seen that Lundqvist is not limited to purely literary creation, he is referring to the concept of the writer as a whole. Lars Gyllensten, former permanent secretary of the Faculty of Arts, wrote: A detailed analysis of this doubtful phrase must be avoided. He believes that it is enough to say that serious, high-quality literature generally enhances our understanding of human beings and the human condition, and strives to enrich our lives and improve our conditions. A recent review of this issue can be found in the third volume of Torgny Segerstedt's masterpiece "Contemporary Perspectives on the Swedish Academy" (1992). Academician Segerstitt of the Academy of Arts pointed out: The Science Prize and the Peace Prize show that Nobel hopes to promote the process of reconciliation and mutual cooperation among people. Therefore, he believes that literary prizes should inspire authors to bring to life attractive ideals, ideals that can be achieved through scientific progress if we are willing to do it. Nobel can be seen as a radical moral idealist. ◎Analysis Since Strindberg makes such a clear and alarming distinction between the two adjectives "ideal" and "ideal-oriented", the idea is to try to determine how he himself uses them. It just happened naturally. National editions of Strindberg's works are being edited at an accelerated pace, with certain texts available from the computer-processed "Language Bank of the University of Gothenburg". Retrieving this material we quickly arrive at a very interesting picture of Strindberg's work. Let me quote some relevant illustrations. "They were excellent young men, ideally inclined, as is often said, to have good intentions and a vague ideal passion for the unknown. ... Among them there was a sensitive youth who maintained Passion for all ancient ideals, but chiefly Heine's..."[3] In this illustration, it can be seen that the adjective "ideal" refers to various ideals, one of which is the kind pointed out by the poet Heine ideal. "The way I understand it, Nora [in Ibsen's The Puppet Family] comes back home for a cash payment. After all, it's ideal and pleasant. It's all natural because of the The love of the husband, to save him!" [4] "Society has now reached its zenith, realizing this absurd ideal. Good is despised and evil is praised... and this is what is most ideally developed in these towns. life. …The ideal arrangement of the building also contributed a great deal to it…only a few of the occupants had bright rooms.”[5] These two fragments are two examples of Strindberg’s usage, both in context and in context. To form a form of irony, which has the same meaning as the standard usage in the previous example.

"On September 1st of this year I submitted five new and original works. One tragedy, two comedies, and two collections of aphorisms. It could have been submitted earlier. There were only eight characters: an old woman and a wife. Two girls (blonde girl and dark man), an old man, you, a lover (ideal), and a loved one (real, ugly)." 〔6〕The ideal evoked here is opposed to the "realistic" (Swedish: realisk) and is compared with the "ugly" (ugly). "Bostrum was a public philosopher, a 'speculative philosopher from Pite,' who had confined himself to a philosophical system that could be traced back to Plato's idealistic life. "[7] This is an example of using the adjective "ideal-oriented" in the ordinary philosophical sense. “This idealistic interpretation of the divine government of heaven, which construed this kingdom as transcending all human laws and accountable solely to the Supreme Court of God, was instilled in my contemporaries, and servility arose as a result. A slave family on a planet that has developed a subordinate nature. This family has gained some power from the upper world, thus forgetting that they were just servants.” (8) Here, the “ideal tendency” is related to a kind of attitude towards life and peace. Relevant to socially conservative views, despite its philosophical background. These examples clearly show that these two adjectives belong to Strindberg's commonly used vocabulary and clearly express different meanings. There are similar examples from other writers. For example, Carl Adolph Agardh wrote the following fragment in 1857: "If one cannot regard Christian moral norms as ideal, that is, as what we strive to achieve, symbol of an ultimate goal, then it is impossible to understand such a normative meaning." [9] Here, this adjective is given a clear meaning, approximately related to a goal. An interesting similar statement can be found in another book by Strindberg: "But this reform took place ruthlessly, practically, materialisk [Swedish: materialisk], successfully, these idols (as it is commonly called) was overthrown, the temples were looted, especially the precious gold and silver disappeared, but the wood carvings and paintings are still preserved in many places to this day." [10] The adjective "utilitarian" is used. Here it is in the sense of "relating to material materials", forming a similar cognate with "ideal" (and the word "realistic" mentioned above). It is obvious that in Nobel's time, the adjective "ideal" "related to an ideal" was adopted as a natural factor in the idiom of several people. But also note Strindberg's comment in one of the above examples about what young people are saying about what they ideally tend to "as is customary". This statement of linguistics, the study of linguistics itself, refers to an interesting idiom of the time. So it’s no surprise that the idea of ??finding out the relevant wording in a will comes as no surprise. ◎Amendment of Will It just so happens that the word we are discussing is the result of an amendment made by Nobel in his handwritten will. The last two letters of the Swedish word idealisk, sk, have been added to other words. This aroused my curiosity - maybe the original letters might shed some light on this problem. I tried several times to visually figure out how the word was originally spelled, and soon decided to consult a legal expert. Jan-ErikKarlsson gave me great help. Using various optical methods, he was able to identify for the first time that the ink in the area being examined was of the same type at that time. Using careful observation with a microscope and comparison of characters, he concluded that the original word was idealirad. His analysis ended with the conjecture that some people may omit or leave out letters, syllables, or even entire words when writing, perhaps because their thoughts are racing ahead of their pen. However, this line of text does not belong to Swedish, and it may easily be concluded that Nobel intentionally made a slight change.

The word idealiserad (the English equivalent of idealized) was probably what he thought of when he started writing. Why didn't he change the word accordingly at that time? I think that he was not satisfied with the word idealiserad, and that his misspelling was perhaps not an oversight but a deliberate one - he wanted to use a word that emphasized the sublimity that was not so obviously polished. Therefore, as he wrote, with a rapid clicking sound of his pen, he wrote the last few letters rad into sk, changing the line into the controversial Swedish word idealisk. In linguistics, a distinction is usually made between adjectives that represent types (classifyingadjectives) and adjectives that represent characteristics (characterizingadjectives). There are many examples of adjectives of the table type, such as the adjective "orthographic" "relating to orthography or correct spelling (orthography)", such as in the usage of "orthographic reform"; "physical" ) "related to physics", such as the use of "physical experiments". Characteristic adjectives such as "doughy" mean "as white as dough" and "blackguardly" mean "like a gangster". According to my opinion, Nobel, Strindberg and Agard all use the word "ideal-oriented" as an adjective of type, that is, it means something "related to an ideal" . The answer seems to be this: Nobel's phrase "in an ideal direction" means "in an ideal direction", and the ideal field has been specified by the basic criteria for all the Nobel Prizes he established in turn. , in other words, the winner "will bring the greatest benefit to mankind." This means that no matter how brilliant the work is, if it advocates genocide, it will never meet the requirements of the will. Someone asked: How to decide whether one kind of literature is more ideal than another? There is no need to compare this. Table-type adjectives have an absolute meaning and therefore cannot be compared - except in very specific contexts that are not relevant to the situation. Appropriately speaking, the phrase "in an ideal direction" that appears first in word order refers to "the most outstanding works". Once one understands how Nobel viewed this question, each generation will make its own judgment about how the literature of the day meets these criteria. If Nobel himself could read Beckett's works like us, then his views on Beckett's works may not be exactly the same as ours. This is just an example. From our current point of view, the name of the first Nobel Prize winner may also belong to another name. ◎Ideal tendency (place) The award comments of the following winners all have wording related to "ideal": Authorized English translation Authorized Chinese translation 1901 Prudhomme (Prudhomme) loftyidealism Noble ideal 1908 Oak (Eucken)idealisticphilosophyoflife, ideal philosophy of life, 1909 Lagerlu, loftyidealism, lofty ideals, 1910, Hess (Heyse) idealuppfattningidealism, ideal vision, 1911 Maeterlinck, poetryfancy, poetic ideals, 1916 Roland ( Rolland) loftyidealism noble idealism 1926 Shaw idealism idealism 1927 Deledda idealistically inspired noble ideals (Editor's note: Due to Chinese decoding, the original Swedish text in the article cannot be displayed correctly, here Omitted, I would like to apologize to the author and readers.

)　◎“Prodigy” It seems to me that, to some extent, a machine or robot may be programmed to perform emotions such as sympathy, gratitude, or sadness, but it cannot actually experience these emotions. Can this thing always feel the excited beating of its pulse? As Hofstadter said in his book "Fluid Concepts and Basic Mechanized Computer Patterns of Creative Analogous Ideas" (1995), it is easiest to let the computer say thank you, but it You cannot experience this emotion, there is a huge difference between the two. In my opinion, simulations of emotions, intentions, and identities are not equivalent to such emotions, intentions, and identities themselves. Regarding this issue, I very much agree with Roger Penrose's use of Andersen's allusions in his book "The Emperor's New Intelligence-On Computers, Intelligence and the Laws of Physics" (1991). He believes that in many aspects involved in our mental activities, even if they may actually be rule systems, there must be an element in the conscious function that is essentially a non-rule system. This is what David J. Chalmers calls the difficult problem of consciousness in his article "Scientific America" ??(1995), that is, the problem of how the human brain generates subjective experience in physical processes. In other respects, I also appreciate Penrose's point, he once pointed out: If there is a machine that claims that it has thoughts, emotions, feelings, understanding and conscience, then there is a moral responsibility in this situation that is related to ours. related questions. "Simply making a computer function to suit our needs, no matter how sensitive it is, cannot be above reproach." Furthermore, another question came to mind. For those "demigod" machines, can we expect them to fall in love and have sex? Considering the richness of experiences, nuances, perceptions, interpretations, and other social wealth that are embedded in truly human phenomena, I think the answer should be no. Moreover, a substitute for a human brain will affect the recipient's identity - a fundamental element of love. In my opinion, this is an unquestionable conclusion. Note: [1] The quotations from Strindberg in this article are based on the original Swedish work and refer to the English translation by Maxwell Arding. ——Translation Note [2] According to legend, Yeti is a savage from the Himalayas. In this poem, Szymborska ironically contrasts Yeti as the embodiment of savagery with the achievements of human civilization. ——Translation Note [3] "The Son of a Maid". 〔4〕"Marriage". 〔5〕"Sweden's Destiny and Adventure". 〔6〕"Letter to Lindbergh". 〔7〕 "To the Swedish People". 〔8〕 "To the Swedish Nationals". [9] "Selected Writings of Agard", Volume 1. 〔10〕"New National".