The first is heuristic teaching method. The heuristic teaching method founded by Confucius can be summarized in eight words: "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be unhappy." ("The Analects of Confucius" Zhu explained in the Song Dynasty: "Those who are angry can't get through their hearts; Those who are embarrassed and have nothing to say; Enlightenment is to open its meaning; Send it, that is, reach its words. " It can be seen that "anger" is a contradictory psychological state in which students are actively thinking about a certain problem and are eager to solve it but have not yet figured it out. At this time, teachers should guide students' thinking methods in time to help students open their minds. This is "enlightenment". "Anger" is another contradictory psychological state that students have been thinking about a certain problem for a while, but they have not yet considered it mature, but they want to say it but are difficult to express it. At this time, teachers should help students clear their minds, understand the essential attributes of things, and then express them in more accurate language, which is "hair". Although Confucius' heuristic teaching has only eight words, "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't worry." However, it not only vividly shows the complete process of Confucius' heuristic teaching, but also profoundly reveals two contradictory psychological states, or two different thinking contradictions, which will appear in turn when encountering difficulties in the learning process, and the correct handling methods of these two contradictions. Confucius attached great importance to the contradictions in students' thinking process. Confucius is often asked by teachers or students themselves, and students think for themselves. When students are in an "angry" psychological state, that is, when they encounter the first contradiction in the process of thinking and can't solve it, the teacher will give them some suggestions. Then let the students continue to think seriously. When the students enter the psychological state of "anxiety", that is, when the second contradiction cannot be solved in the process of thinking, the teacher will give them another instruction, and the students will have a bright future and be suddenly enlightened.
Secondly, the teaching method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". In the method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", Confucius is even more unique, and no educator at all times and all over the world can compare with it. There is a story in The Analects: Luz and You Ran asked Confucius the same question and heard something. Should they do it at once? Confucius said to Luz, "You can't treat your father and brother like this." But he said to You Ran, "You can do it." Gong Xihua, another student of Confucius, questioned this. Confucius said, "I have retired, so I encourage him to make progress;" Lutz went forward bravely, so he knew how to retreat. " (See Advanced Analects of Confucius). There is another vivid example: once, Confucius discussed ethical issues with students, and student A asked: What is filial piety? Confucius replied: Nothing. Student B also asked this question, and Confucius replied: Parents are only worried about their own illness. Student c also asked, Confucius said: all dogs and horses can be raised, so why is disrespect different? Student Ding asked the same question again, and Confucius said: Color is difficult. We can't help thinking: Why did Confucius give so many answers to the same question? The reason lies in Confucius' teaching method of "teaching students according to their aptitude". According to textual research, Confucius thinks that some students A don't listen to their parents' discipline, students B need someone to take care of their parents when they are sick, students C don't know how to support their parents, and students D often lose their temper in front of their parents and give them a bad look. Confucius also pointed out that people's intelligence is divided into wisdom, stupidity and mediocrity, people's personality is different from that of Lu and Yan, people's psychological state is different from that of courage and retreat, and everyone's talents have different development trends (for example, some are suitable for literature, some are suitable for politics, some are suitable for military affairs, and some are suitable for businessmen ...). Therefore, teaching must be based on these different psychological characteristics in order to achieve the ideal effect. Therefore, later generations studied the Analects of Confucius and came to the conclusion that Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude.
Confucius can not only teach students in accordance with their aptitude, but also vary with time, place and environment. There are many examples in The Analects. In addition, what is even more amazing is that Confucius can teach according to the different characteristics of students' psychological state and thinking process, which is really endless. In the Song Dynasty, when Zhu summarized Confucius' teaching methods, he called it "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".
Thirdly, it is the teaching method of "learning while learning, reviewing the old and learning the new". This is Confucius' view on how students should learn in the teaching process. The first sentence in The Analects of Confucius is that Confucius said, "It is better to learn from time to time, isn't it?" Confucius believes that learning is a very happy thing, and this happiness lies in learning and continuous review and practice. "Learning" can be understood from two aspects: review and practice. Confucius teaching emphasizes students' review and practice of what they have learned. Ceng Zi said, "I save myself three times a day." One of the things to reflect on is "Can I pass it on?" Have you carefully reviewed the lessons taught by the teacher? Have you practiced? A studious person should constantly review past knowledge. Xia Zi said, "The sun knows what it is, but the moon has forgotten what it can do. It can be said that it is already eager to try. " (Zhang Zi) This reflects the viewpoint of Confucius. A student should consciously acquire new knowledge every day and practice and practice the skills he has mastered every month. This is a diligent and studious person. One reason why Confucius put more emphasis on reviewing old knowledge was that he believed that people could acquire new knowledge from reviewing old knowledge and should constantly acquire new knowledge from old knowledge. He said: "Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher." (< >) If you can often review old knowledge and gain new experiences and new insights from it, such a person can become a teacher and emphasize the independent acquisition of new knowledge from old knowledge. In Confucius' view, learning from time to time can not only consolidate what has been learned, but also gain new knowledge from it.
To sum up, Confucius' teaching methods are still beneficial and applicable today, and even need to be advocated and emphasized. The heuristic teaching method that we have repeatedly emphasized cannot be well implemented in quite a few schools. The educational goal of paying equal attention to learning and thinking and focusing on cultivating ability cannot be implemented. A baton of the college entrance examination knocked out the vitality of many students. Teaching has become a problem, guessing, betting and learning by rote, memorizing and memorizing. Standing in the 2 1 century, especially in the implementation of quality education today, facing Confucius' educational methods and wisdom, and looking at our cramming teaching situation, we even need to promote some examination methods that urge students to memorize as advanced experience, which is even worse than the ancients. What can we educators say today?